Anthropocene - Revision history

Florez4747: /* Geoengineering */

2023-07-10T21:00:42Z

Geoengineering

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:00, 10 July 2023
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	<Blockquote>....In the Anthropocene “the people” (humanity) are the dramatis personae who can make their social, economic, political and geological history. But they only can influence their geological history on an insignificant scale although it is growing in the course of economic and social development. In the Capitalocene, the major formative forces are the laws of motion of capital: of the capitalist social formation, of the financialized capitalism today. These also influence the geological history of the planet, the geological formation, as part of capital’s drive to extend and deepen its reach, to externalize social and environmental costs. From this follows a mighty effort to regulate, control, and neutralize these externalized costs—costs which now encroach upon capital’s costs of doing business. <br><br>		<Blockquote>....In the Anthropocene “the people” (humanity) are the dramatis personae who can make their social, economic, political and geological history. But they only can influence their geological history on an insignificant scale although it is growing in the course of economic and social development. In the Capitalocene, the major formative forces are the laws of motion of capital: of the capitalist social formation, of the financialized capitalism today. These also influence the geological history of the planet, the geological formation, as part of capital’s drive to extend and deepen its reach, to externalize social and environmental costs. From this follows a mighty effort to regulate, control, and neutralize these externalized costs—costs which now encroach upon capital’s costs of doing business. <br><br>

	Now the geoengineers enter the stage of capitalist modernity. Geoengineering faces a double task. On the one hand, they must create necessary resources on the input side of the planetary social and geological systems at a time when they can no longer be easily extracted from external nature. On the other hand, they must organize new methods of dumping all emissions into the earth’s systems. It is a seemingly impossible task. Their task is much greater than building a car or a dam or a hotel; the geoengineers are tasked with controlling whole earth systems in order to combat—or at least to reduce—the negative consequences of capitalist externalization. However, the required internalization of externalized emissions is the internalization of external effects into production costs at the level of the corporation. Then indeed—in principle—the prices could “tell the truth,” as in the neoclassical textbooks. But we would not be wiser still. Why? Because many interdependencies in society and nature cannot be expressed in terms of prices. Any effective rationalization would have to be holistic; it would have to be qualitative and consider much more than price alone. But that is impossible because it contradicts capitalist rationality, which is committed to fixing the parts and not the whole. In such a scenario, capitalist modernization through externalization would—inevitably—come to an end. The Four Cheaps would disap- pear behind the “event horizon.” Would it be possible for geoengineers to bring the necessary moderation of modernization and of capitalist dynamics in coincidence? They cannot, for the engineers are not qualified to work holistically. They fight the effects of externalization (e.g., green-house gas emissions) by externalizing the external effect once again (e.g., by obscuring the sun to reduce solar heat radiation). This would amount to an absurd secondary externalization of primary external effects.<Ref></Blockquote>		Now the geoengineers enter the stage of capitalist modernity. Geoengineering faces a double task. On the one hand, they must create necessary resources on the input side of the planetary social and geological systems at a time when they can no longer be easily extracted from external nature. On the other hand, they must organize new methods of dumping all emissions into the earth’s systems. It is a seemingly impossible task. Their task is much greater than building a car or a dam or a hotel; the geoengineers are tasked with controlling whole earth systems in order to combat—or at least to reduce—the negative consequences of capitalist externalization. However, the required internalization of externalized emissions is the internalization of external effects into production costs at the level of the corporation. Then indeed—in principle—the prices could “tell the truth,” as in the neoclassical textbooks. But we would not be wiser still. Why? Because many interdependencies in society and nature cannot be expressed in terms of prices. Any effective rationalization would have to be holistic; it would have to be qualitative and consider much more than price alone. But that is impossible because it contradicts capitalist rationality, which is committed to fixing the parts and not the whole. In such a scenario, capitalist modernization through externalization would—inevitably—come to an end. The Four Cheaps would disap- pear behind the “event horizon.” Would it be possible for geoengineers to bring the necessary moderation of modernization and of capitalist dynamics in coincidence? They cannot, for the engineers are not qualified to work holistically. They fight the effects of externalization (e.g., green-house gas emissions) by externalizing the external effect once again (e.g., by obscuring the sun to reduce solar heat radiation). This would amount to an absurd secondary externalization of primary external effects.<Ref>Moore, Jason W., "Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism" (2016).Sociology Faculty Scholarship; Page: 150-151</Ref></Blockquote>

	= Catastrophism =		= Catastrophism =

Florez4747: /* Biosphere Occupation */

2023-07-10T21:00:10Z

Biosphere Occupation

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:00, 10 July 2023
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	= Biosphere Occupation =		= Biosphere Occupation =


			= Geoengineering =
			<Blockquote>....In the Anthropocene “the people” (humanity) are the dramatis personae who can make their social, economic, political and geological history. But they only can influence their geological history on an insignificant scale although it is growing in the course of economic and social development. In the Capitalocene, the major formative forces are the laws of motion of capital: of the capitalist social formation, of the financialized capitalism today. These also influence the geological history of the planet, the geological formation, as part of capital’s drive to extend and deepen its reach, to externalize social and environmental costs. From this follows a mighty effort to regulate, control, and neutralize these externalized costs—costs which now encroach upon capital’s costs of doing business. <br><br>

			Now the geoengineers enter the stage of capitalist modernity. Geoengineering faces a double task. On the one hand, they must create necessary resources on the input side of the planetary social and geological systems at a time when they can no longer be easily extracted from external nature. On the other hand, they must organize new methods of dumping all emissions into the earth’s systems. It is a seemingly impossible task. Their task is much greater than building a car or a dam or a hotel; the geoengineers are tasked with controlling whole earth systems in order to combat—or at least to reduce—the negative consequences of capitalist externalization. However, the required internalization of externalized emissions is the internalization of external effects into production costs at the level of the corporation. Then indeed—in principle—the prices could “tell the truth,” as in the neoclassical textbooks. But we would not be wiser still. Why? Because many interdependencies in society and nature cannot be expressed in terms of prices. Any effective rationalization would have to be holistic; it would have to be qualitative and consider much more than price alone. But that is impossible because it contradicts capitalist rationality, which is committed to fixing the parts and not the whole. In such a scenario, capitalist modernization through externalization would—inevitably—come to an end. The Four Cheaps would disap- pear behind the “event horizon.” Would it be possible for geoengineers to bring the necessary moderation of modernization and of capitalist dynamics in coincidence? They cannot, for the engineers are not qualified to work holistically. They fight the effects of externalization (e.g., green-house gas emissions) by externalizing the external effect once again (e.g., by obscuring the sun to reduce solar heat radiation). This would amount to an absurd secondary externalization of primary external effects.<Ref></Blockquote>

	= Catastrophism =		= Catastrophism =

Florez4747: /* Capitalism */

2023-07-07T02:42:43Z

Capitalism

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:42, 7 July 2023
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	== Capitalism ==		== Capitalism ==
			See Also: [[Capitalism]] <br>

	Another suggested root cause of the Antropocene is [[Capitalism]]. Focusing on [[Capitalism]] demonstrates how not all humans are equally responsible (or hold no responsiblity at all,) and this can be seen when considering that at least 71% of all global emissions are from only 100 companies.<Ref>https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/jul/10/100-fossil-fuel-companies-investors-responsible-71-global-emissions-cdp-study-climate-change</Ref> So while capitalism has had a massive effect on the Earth and is one of the main root causes of climate collapse the majority of the world has not had anywhere near as much of an impact to the collapsing climate. This reality is why [[Climate Reparations]] are so important to [[Climate Justice]]:		Another suggested root cause of the Antropocene is [[Capitalism]]. Focusing on [[Capitalism]] demonstrates how not all humans are equally responsible (or hold no responsiblity at all,) and this can be seen when considering that at least 71% of all global emissions are from only 100 companies.<Ref>https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/jul/10/100-fossil-fuel-companies-investors-responsible-71-global-emissions-cdp-study-climate-change</Ref> So while capitalism has had a massive effect on the Earth and is one of the main root causes of climate collapse the majority of the world has not had anywhere near as much of an impact to the collapsing climate. This reality is why [[Climate Reparations]] are so important to [[Climate Justice]]:

Florez4747: /* Agriculture */

2023-07-07T02:24:52Z

Agriculture

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:24, 7 July 2023
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	== Agriculture ==		== Agriculture ==
			See also: [[Industrial Agriculture]]
	<Blockquote>The rise of agriculture, or Neolithic Revolution, is one proposed marker for the onset of the Anthropocene that, upon closer inspection, reveals the oversights that come of treating history as linear and of treating humans as an undifferentiated group affecting the globe. As archaeologists have shown, the transition to farming has been far from complete or irreversible. There is no clear mark indicating “before” and “after” the transition to agriculture, as groups shifted food provisioning strategies based on their circumstances, often with agriculture as a last resort (Head 2014). Labeling societies as either foragers or agriculturalists, even for a single moment in time, is also falsely dualistic, because many groups have lived from both wild and cultivated foods for thousands of years (B. D. Smith 2001). Where agriculture did arise, it is often associated with forced labor and the use of violence by elites to retain populations attempting to flee the disease and periodic famine brought on by farming’s dense settlements and instability (Cohen 2009; Scott 2017), a clear indication that treating all humans as equally responsible for agriculture’s impacts neglects deep inequalities. Importantly, foraging continues today (Jordan 2014), and its association with lack of “civilization” has proven deeply damaging, showing how the idea of a linear and complete conversion to agriculture is not only inaccurate but ignores real harm caused by such assumptions. For example, Native Americans in what is now called California “tended the wild,” managing land for food production without plant or animal domestication, until forced to farm by settler colonists who deemed their nonagricultural lifeways inferior, expendable, and threatening (Anderson 2013). In considering the Anthropocene, a closer look at agriculture’s origins indicates that the transition to farming is not unidirectional, comprehensive, or universally attributable to human groups, and thus neither are its biogeochemical effects.<Ref> Emily Reisman & Madeleine Fairbairn (2020): Agri-Food Systems and the Anthropocene, Annals of the American Association of Geographers, DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1828025</Ref></Blockquote>		<Blockquote>The rise of agriculture, or Neolithic Revolution, is one proposed marker for the onset of the Anthropocene that, upon closer inspection, reveals the oversights that come of treating history as linear and of treating humans as an undifferentiated group affecting the globe. As archaeologists have shown, the transition to farming has been far from complete or irreversible. There is no clear mark indicating “before” and “after” the transition to agriculture, as groups shifted food provisioning strategies based on their circumstances, often with agriculture as a last resort (Head 2014). Labeling societies as either foragers or agriculturalists, even for a single moment in time, is also falsely dualistic, because many groups have lived from both wild and cultivated foods for thousands of years (B. D. Smith 2001). Where agriculture did arise, it is often associated with forced labor and the use of violence by elites to retain populations attempting to flee the disease and periodic famine brought on by farming’s dense settlements and instability (Cohen 2009; Scott 2017), a clear indication that treating all humans as equally responsible for agriculture’s impacts neglects deep inequalities. Importantly, foraging continues today (Jordan 2014), and its association with lack of “civilization” has proven deeply damaging, showing how the idea of a linear and complete conversion to agriculture is not only inaccurate but ignores real harm caused by such assumptions. For example, Native Americans in what is now called California “tended the wild,” managing land for food production without plant or animal domestication, until forced to farm by settler colonists who deemed their nonagricultural lifeways inferior, expendable, and threatening (Anderson 2013). In considering the Anthropocene, a closer look at agriculture’s origins indicates that the transition to farming is not unidirectional, comprehensive, or universally attributable to human groups, and thus neither are its biogeochemical effects.<Ref> Emily Reisman & Madeleine Fairbairn (2020): Agri-Food Systems and the Anthropocene, Annals of the American Association of Geographers, DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1828025</Ref></Blockquote>


	== Capitalism ==		== Capitalism ==

Florez4747: /* Capitalocene/ Necrocene */

2023-07-04T16:31:46Z

Capitalocene/ Necrocene

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:31, 4 July 2023
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	* The final stage: biosecurity disappeared into catastrophic nihilism and the embrace of necrosis; the “survival economy” of neoliberalism as the Donner Party. The belief in our alienation from nature became embodied in the perspective of the human being as the monstrous all-powerful offspring of nature. The problem of extinction was rendered intrinsic to human nature rather than to capital.<Ref>Moore, Jason W., "Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism" (2016).Sociology Faculty Scholarship; Page: 119</Ref>		* The final stage: biosecurity disappeared into catastrophic nihilism and the embrace of necrosis; the “survival economy” of neoliberalism as the Donner Party. The belief in our alienation from nature became embodied in the perspective of the human being as the monstrous all-powerful offspring of nature. The problem of extinction was rendered intrinsic to human nature rather than to capital.<Ref>Moore, Jason W., "Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism" (2016).Sociology Faculty Scholarship; Page: 119</Ref>


			==== Nuclear Testing ====
			<Blockquote>Atmospheric nuclear testing made the need for weather models practical—and urgent. When testing began in earnest in the 1950s, so too did the greatest experiment upon the earth: global radioactive fallout. Strontium-90 did not exist before a hot July day in 1945. As warlike Athena sprung from Zeus’s head, strontium-90 burst forth from “the gadget’s” plume, flying upward into the stratosphere. From there it dispersed and rained down upon the planet, a toxic blanket of human design and a moment of no return. The earth, capital, and body were now joined through the deep time of radioactive mutation. The notion of the atmosphere and the oceans as a bottomless sink was now put to the test.<Ref>Moore, Jason W., "Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism" (2016).Sociology Faculty Scholarship; Page: 126</Ref></Blockquote>

	= Biosphere Occupation =		= Biosphere Occupation =

TH: /* Capitalocene/ Necrocene */

2023-07-04T04:26:32Z

Capitalocene/ Necrocene

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:26, 4 July 2023
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	=== Capitalocene/ Necrocene ===		=== Capitalocene/ Necrocene ===
	Justin McBrien in his essay 'Accumulating Extinction: Planetary Catastrophism in the Necrocene' proposes a different way of framing the ~~Antrhopocene which centers~~ [[Capitalism]] coined the 'Capitalocene' or 'Necrocene':		Justin McBrien in his essay 'Accumulating Extinction: Planetary Catastrophism in the Necrocene' proposes a different way of framing the Anthropocene, centering [[Capitalism]], coined the 'Capitalocene' or 'Necrocene':

	<Blockquote>Today’s debate about planetary crisis has yielded the concepts of the Anthropocene and the Capitalocene. Both recognize extinction but have yet to grasp its ontological significance—for humanity or for capitalism. What I wish to propose is that we recognize the Necrocene—or “New Death”—as a fundamental biogeological moment of our era: the Capitalocene. The Necrocene reframes the history of capitalism’s expansion through the process of becoming extinction.<br><br>		<Blockquote>Today’s debate about planetary crisis has yielded the concepts of the Anthropocene and the Capitalocene. Both recognize extinction but have yet to grasp its ontological significance—for humanity or for capitalism. What I wish to propose is that we recognize the Necrocene—or “New Death”—as a fundamental biogeological moment of our era: the Capitalocene. The Necrocene reframes the history of capitalism’s expansion through the process of becoming extinction.<br><br>

Florez4747: /* Discourse */

2023-07-04T03:24:33Z

Discourse

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:24, 4 July 2023
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	= Discourse =		= Discourse =
	<Blockquote>The discourse of the Anthropocene is arguably an ideational preview of how this concept will materialize into planetary inhabitation by the collective. As a cohesive discourse, it blocks alternative forms of human life on Earth from vying for attention. By upholding history’s forward thrust, it also submits to its totalizing (and, in that sense, spurious) ideology of delivering “continuous improvement”. By affirming the centrality of man—as both causal force and subject of concern—the Anthropocene shrinks the discursive space for challenging the domination of the biosphere, offering instead a techno-scientific pitch for its rationalization and a pragmatic plea for resigning ourselves to its actuality. The very concept of the Anthropocene crystallizes human dominion, corralling the already-pliable-in that-direction human mind into viewing our master identity as manifestly destined, quasi-natural, and sort of awesome.24 The Anthropocene accepts the humanization of Earth as reality, even though this is still contestable, partially reversible, and worthy of resistance and of inspiring a different vision. Yet the Anthropocene discourse perpetuates the concealment that the human takeover is (by now) an unexamined choice, one which human beings have it within both our power and our nature to rescind if only we focused our creative, critical gaze upon it.<Ref>Moore, Jason W., "Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism" (2016).Sociology Faculty Scholarship; Page: 25</Ref></Blockquote>		<Blockquote>The discourse of the Anthropocene is arguably an ideational preview of how this concept will materialize into planetary inhabitation by the collective. As a cohesive discourse, it blocks alternative forms of human life on Earth from vying for attention. By upholding history’s forward thrust, it also submits to its totalizing (and, in that sense, spurious) ideology of delivering “continuous improvement”. By affirming the centrality of man—as both causal force and subject of concern—the Anthropocene shrinks the discursive space for challenging the domination of the biosphere, offering instead a techno-scientific pitch for its rationalization and a pragmatic plea for resigning ourselves to its actuality. The very concept of the Anthropocene crystallizes human dominion, corralling the already-pliable-in that-direction human mind into viewing our master identity as manifestly destined, quasi-natural, and sort of awesome. The Anthropocene accepts the humanization of Earth as reality, even though this is still contestable, partially reversible, and worthy of resistance and of inspiring a different vision. Yet the Anthropocene discourse perpetuates the concealment that the human takeover is (by now) an unexamined choice, one which human beings have it within both our power and our nature to rescind if only we focused our creative, critical gaze upon it.<Ref>Moore, Jason W., "Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism" (2016).Sociology Faculty Scholarship; Page: 25</Ref></Blockquote>

Florez4747: /* Catastrophism */

2023-07-04T03:22:16Z

Catastrophism

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:22, 4 July 2023
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	= Catastrophism =		= Catastrophism =
	<Blockquote>Prometheanism, the view that humans could and indeed should control nature, went hand-in-hand with a new catastrophism. At its center of was a new cult of expertise. American world power justified expert political authority through the necessity of managing the hazards set in motion by its permanent war economy. But these experts’ authority derived from more than a promise to mitigate catastrophic risks; it also owed much to their proclamations that such risks were unavoidable—and outside of political deliberation.6 This was the birth of the biosecurity state. Vannevar Bush’s Science: The Endless Frontier (1945) justified this cult of the expert in his reappropriation of Turner’s frontier thesis (1898). Bush proposed a new, macho, techno-utopian ideology. The scientist was became a gunslinger in a sidereal wild west, an imperialist fantasy that would overcome the contradictions of capitalist surplus extraction. The Endless Frontier as scientific exploration was really the Endless Frontier as commodity expansion: apocalyptic fears of extinction would be vanquished by utopian fantasies of techno-omniscience. The scientized discourse of environmental risk obfuscated the close relationship between economic and environmental inequality. This excused the system of production that threatened environmental catastrophe by framing humanity as an undifferentiated mass that had become a “planetary agent.”</Blockquote>		<Blockquote>Prometheanism, the view that humans could and indeed should control nature, went hand-in-hand with a new catastrophism. At its center of was a new cult of expertise. American world power justified expert political authority through the necessity of managing the hazards set in motion by its permanent war economy. But these experts’ authority derived from more than a promise to mitigate catastrophic risks; it also owed much to their proclamations that such risks were unavoidable—and outside of political deliberation.6 This was the birth of the biosecurity state. Vannevar Bush’s Science: The Endless Frontier (1945) justified this cult of the expert in his reappropriation of Turner’s frontier thesis (1898). Bush proposed a new, macho, techno-utopian ideology. The scientist was became a gunslinger in a sidereal wild west, an imperialist fantasy that would overcome the contradictions of capitalist surplus extraction. The Endless Frontier as scientific exploration was really the Endless Frontier as commodity expansion: apocalyptic fears of extinction would be vanquished by utopian fantasies of techno-omniscience. The scientized discourse of environmental risk obfuscated the close relationship between economic and environmental inequality. This excused the system of production that threatened environmental catastrophe by framing humanity as an undifferentiated mass that had become a “planetary agent.”<Ref>Moore, Jason W., "Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism" (2016).Sociology Faculty Scholarship; Page: 125</Ref></Blockquote>

	= Sources =		= Sources =

Florez4747: /* Biosphere Occupation */

2023-07-04T03:21:36Z

Biosphere Occupation

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:21, 4 July 2023
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	= Biosphere Occupation =		= Biosphere Occupation =


			= Catastrophism =
			<Blockquote>Prometheanism, the view that humans could and indeed should control nature, went hand-in-hand with a new catastrophism. At its center of was a new cult of expertise. American world power justified expert political authority through the necessity of managing the hazards set in motion by its permanent war economy. But these experts’ authority derived from more than a promise to mitigate catastrophic risks; it also owed much to their proclamations that such risks were unavoidable—and outside of political deliberation.6 This was the birth of the biosecurity state. Vannevar Bush’s Science: The Endless Frontier (1945) justified this cult of the expert in his reappropriation of Turner’s frontier thesis (1898). Bush proposed a new, macho, techno-utopian ideology. The scientist was became a gunslinger in a sidereal wild west, an imperialist fantasy that would overcome the contradictions of capitalist surplus extraction. The Endless Frontier as scientific exploration was really the Endless Frontier as commodity expansion: apocalyptic fears of extinction would be vanquished by utopian fantasies of techno-omniscience. The scientized discourse of environmental risk obfuscated the close relationship between economic and environmental inequality. This excused the system of production that threatened environmental catastrophe by framing humanity as an undifferentiated mass that had become a “planetary agent.”</Blockquote>

	= Sources =		= Sources =

Florez4747: /* Capitalocene/ Necrocene */

2023-07-03T22:28:42Z

Capitalocene/ Necrocene

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:28, 3 July 2023
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	=== Capitalocene/ Necrocene ===		=== Capitalocene/ Necrocene ===
			Justin McBrien in his essay 'Accumulating Extinction: Planetary Catastrophism in the Necrocene' proposes a different way of framing the Antrhopocene which centers [[Capitalism]] coined the 'Capitalocene' or 'Necrocene':

	<Blockquote>Today’s debate about planetary crisis has yielded the concepts of the Anthropocene and the Capitalocene. Both recognize extinction but have yet to grasp its ontological significance—for humanity or for capitalism. What I wish to propose is that we recognize the Necrocene—or “New Death”—as a fundamental biogeological moment of our era: the Capitalocene. The Necrocene reframes the history of capitalism’s expansion through the process of becoming extinction.<br><br>		<Blockquote>Today’s debate about planetary crisis has yielded the concepts of the Anthropocene and the Capitalocene. Both recognize extinction but have yet to grasp its ontological significance—for humanity or for capitalism. What I wish to propose is that we recognize the Necrocene—or “New Death”—as a fundamental biogeological moment of our era: the Capitalocene. The Necrocene reframes the history of capitalism’s expansion through the process of becoming extinction.<br><br>

	The accumulation of capital is the accumulation potential extinction—a potential increasingly activated in recent decades. This becoming extinction is not simply the biological process of species extinction. It is also the extinguishing of cultures and languages, either through force or assimilation; it is the extermination of peoples, either through labor or deliberate murder; it is the extinction of the earth in the depletion fossil fuels, rare earth minerals, even the chemical element helium; it is ocean acidification and eutrophication, deforestation and desertification, melting ice sheets and rising sea levels; the great Pacific garbage patch and nuclear waste entombment; McDonalds and Monsanto.<Ref>Moore, Jason W., "Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism" (2016).Sociology Faculty Scholarship; Page: 116-117</Ref></Blockquote>		The accumulation of capital is the accumulation potential extinction—a potential increasingly activated in recent decades. This becoming extinction is not simply the biological process of species extinction. It is also the extinguishing of cultures and languages, either through force or assimilation; it is the extermination of peoples, either through labor or deliberate murder; it is the extinction of the earth in the depletion fossil fuels, rare earth minerals, even the chemical element helium; it is ocean acidification and eutrophication, deforestation and desertification, melting ice sheets and rising sea levels; the great Pacific garbage patch and nuclear waste entombment; McDonalds and Monsanto.<Ref>Moore, Jason W., "Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism" (2016).Sociology Faculty Scholarship; Page: 116-117</Ref></Blockquote>

			McBrien lays out four key stages of the Necrocene:

			* The first stage being the "Columbian exchange": "Pangea was restored through the intercontinental and transoceanic exchanges of crops, humans, animals— and commodities. The decimation of indigenous populations made for another “discovery”: the idea of extinction. Extinction became a problem of knowledge.<Ref>Moore, Jason W., "Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism" (2016).Sociology Faculty Scholarship; Page: 119</Ref> <br>

			* The second stage is the "the reorganization of capital through scientific management and fossil fuel extraction made extinction an apparent problem: one that needed “stewardship.” Capitalism’s dialectic of accumulation and extinction coevolved with a conceptualization of knowledge of “risk” and “environment.” Capitalism did not ignore environmental risk; it made it the central problem of its survival."<Ref>Moore, Jason W., "Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism" (2016).Sociology Faculty Scholarship; Page: 119</Ref> <br>

			* The third stage: "the post-World War II “Great Acceleration” witnessed the convergence of financial, actuarial, military strategic, and environmental risk around biosecurity. These emerged primarily from the problems of nuclear warfare and the environmental consequences of nuclear testing"<Ref>Moore, Jason W., "Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism" (2016).Sociology Faculty Scholarship; Page: 119</Ref> <br>

			* The final stage: biosecurity disappeared into catastrophic nihilism and the embrace of necrosis; the “survival economy” of neoliberalism as the Donner Party. The belief in our alienation from nature became embodied in the perspective of the human being as the monstrous all-powerful offspring of nature. The problem of extinction was rendered intrinsic to human nature rather than to capital.<Ref>Moore, Jason W., "Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism" (2016).Sociology Faculty Scholarship; Page: 119</Ref>

	= Biosphere Occupation =		= Biosphere Occupation =

	= Sources =		= Sources =