Capitalism - Revision history

Florez4747: /* Sugar */

2023-07-15T18:35:58Z

Sugar

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	<Blockquote>...Few people sitting for breakfast in England in the 1700s knew that their tea was sweetened by sugar harvested under brutal conditions by African slaves toiling in the West Indies. The slaves remained far removed from the British breakfast table until a band of abolitionists placed the true picture of slavery directly in front of the English people. Stakeholders fought to maintain the system. They told the British public not to trust what they were told. They espoused the great humanity of the slave trade—Africans were not suffering, they were being “saved” from the savagery of the dark continent. They argued that Africans worked in pleasing conditions on the islands. When those arguments failed, the slavers claimed they made changes that remedied the offenses taking place on the plantations. After all, who was going to go all the way to the West Indies and prove otherwise, and even if they did, who would believe them?<br><Br>		<Blockquote>...Few people sitting for breakfast in England in the 1700s knew that their tea was sweetened by sugar harvested under brutal conditions by African slaves toiling in the West Indies. The slaves remained far removed from the British breakfast table until a band of abolitionists placed the true picture of slavery directly in front of the English people. Stakeholders fought to maintain the system. They told the British public not to trust what they were told. They espoused the great humanity of the slave trade—Africans were not suffering, they were being “saved” from the savagery of the dark continent. They argued that Africans worked in pleasing conditions on the islands. When those arguments failed, the slavers claimed they made changes that remedied the offenses taking place on the plantations. After all, who was going to go all the way to the West Indies and prove otherwise, and even if they did, who would believe them?<br><Br>

	The truth, however, was this—but for the demand for sugar and the immense profits accrued through the sale of it, the entire slavery-for-sugar economy would not have existed. Furthermore, the inevitable outcome of stripping humans of their dignity, security, wages, and freedom can only be a system that results in the complete dehumanization of the people exploited at the bottom of the chain.</Blockquote>		The truth, however, was this—but for the demand for sugar and the immense profits accrued through the sale of it, the entire slavery-for-sugar economy would not have existed. Furthermore, the inevitable outcome of stripping humans of their dignity, security, wages, and freedom can only be a system that results in the complete dehumanization of the people exploited at the bottom of the chain.<Ref>Kara, S. (2023). Cobalt red: how the blood of the Congo powers our lives (First edition.). St. Martin's Press.</Ref></Blockquote>

	=== Coffee ===		=== Coffee ===

Florez4747: /* Sugar */

2023-07-15T18:34:49Z

Sugar

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:34, 15 July 2023
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	=== Sugar ===		=== Sugar ===
	<Blockquote>Sugar cane was first carried to the New World by Columbus on his second voyage, in 1493; he brought it there from the Spanish Canary Islands. Cane was first grown in the New World in Spanish Santo Domingo; it was from that point that sugar was first shipped back to Europe, beginning around 1516. Santo Domingo's pristine sugar industry was worked by enslaved Africans, the first slaves having been imported there soon after the sugar cane. Hence it was Spain that pioneered sugar cane, sugar making, African slave labor, and the plantation form in the Americas. Some scholars agree with Fernando Ortiz that these plantations were "the favored child of capitalism," and other historians quarrel with this assessment. But even if Spain's achievements in sugar production did not rival those of the Portuguese until centuries later, their pioneering nature has never been in doubt...<Ref>Mintz, S. W. (1986). Sweetness and power. Penguin Books. Page, 32-33</Ref></Blockquote>		<Blockquote>Sugar cane was first carried to the New World by Columbus on his second voyage, in 1493; he brought it there from the Spanish Canary Islands. Cane was first grown in the New World in Spanish Santo Domingo; it was from that point that sugar was first shipped back to Europe, beginning around 1516. Santo Domingo's pristine sugar industry was worked by enslaved Africans, the first slaves having been imported there soon after the sugar cane. Hence it was Spain that pioneered sugar cane, sugar making, African slave labor, and the plantation form in the Americas. Some scholars agree with Fernando Ortiz that these plantations were "the favored child of capitalism," and other historians quarrel with this assessment. But even if Spain's achievements in sugar production did not rival those of the Portuguese until centuries later, their pioneering nature has never been in doubt...<Ref>Mintz, S. W. (1986). Sweetness and power. Penguin Books. Page, 32-33</Ref></Blockquote> <br><Br>

			<Blockquote>...Few people sitting for breakfast in England in the 1700s knew that their tea was sweetened by sugar harvested under brutal conditions by African slaves toiling in the West Indies. The slaves remained far removed from the British breakfast table until a band of abolitionists placed the true picture of slavery directly in front of the English people. Stakeholders fought to maintain the system. They told the British public not to trust what they were told. They espoused the great humanity of the slave trade—Africans were not suffering, they were being “saved” from the savagery of the dark continent. They argued that Africans worked in pleasing conditions on the islands. When those arguments failed, the slavers claimed they made changes that remedied the offenses taking place on the plantations. After all, who was going to go all the way to the West Indies and prove otherwise, and even if they did, who would believe them?<br><Br>

			The truth, however, was this—but for the demand for sugar and the immense profits accrued through the sale of it, the entire slavery-for-sugar economy would not have existed. Furthermore, the inevitable outcome of stripping humans of their dignity, security, wages, and freedom can only be a system that results in the complete dehumanization of the people exploited at the bottom of the chain.</Blockquote>

	=== Coffee ===		=== Coffee ===

Florez4747: /* Climate Collapse */

2023-07-10T21:34:27Z

Climate Collapse

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:34, 10 July 2023
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	= Neoliberalism =		= Neoliberalism =

	~~= Climate Collapse =~~
	~~See Also: [[Anthropocene]] \| [[Sixth Mass Extinction]] \| [[Industrial Agriculture]] <br>~~

	Many authors, publications, scientists etc. have made the connection between capitalism/ unfettered economic growth and [[Climate Collapse]]. <Ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8478770.stm</Ref><Ref>https://neweconomics.org/uploads/files/f19c45312a905d73c3_rbm6iecku.pdf</Ref> Capitalism is predicated around endless growth and consumption<Ref>Strauss, William S., "The fallacy of endless growth: Exposing capitalism's insustainability" (2008). Doctoral Dissertations. 463. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/463</Ref> and these processes are causing a disruption in the Earth's natural Equilibrium<Ref>https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bittick/conservation/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Clark-York2005_Article_CarbonMetabolismGlobalCapitali.pdf</Ref> through the extraction of resources<Ref>https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/12/resource-extraction-carbon-emissions-biodiversity-loss</Ref>, land-use change<Ref>https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/5/</Ref> and burning of fossil fuels.<Ref>https://www.clientearth.org/latest/latest-updates/stories/fossil-fuels-and-climate-change-the-facts/</Ref>





	~~"Why Capitalism is Killing Us (And The Planet)": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-qxP2TzYcNw~~

	~~"[[Arundhati Roy]]: Capitalism Is “A Form of Religion” Stopping Solutions to Climate Change & Inequality": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyCkFoSIwWg~~

	~~"Capitalism Is Destroying Us - The New Climate Report": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvRtNGW9Ajk~~

	~~"How Capitalism Exploits Natural Disasters": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSl6OSx3Y-8~~




	~~== Terracide ==~~

	~~https://climateandcapitalism.com/2013/05/23/terracide-destroying-the-planet-for-profit/~~

	~~== Industrial Agriculture ==~~
	~~See: [[Industrial agriculture]]~~
	<Blockquote>However, the celebrated efficiency of industrial capitalist agriculture must also be seen to depend on an array of un- and undervalued costs. Some of these costs can be easily ignored and externalized, without posing a threat to the operative logic of the system. These include: the contribution to chronic epidemiological problems (e.g. obesity, cardiovascular disease) and the extensive burden on health-care systems; the costs of managing and responding to disease threats such as swine and avian flu, listeriosis, E. coli and mad cow; the diffuse impacts of fertilizer, chemical and other waste runoff from industrial monocultures and factory farms on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and human health; the associated costs of water treatment; an assortment of workplace health concerns (e.g. high rates of repetitive stress and accidental injuries); the psychological violence associated with factory farms and industrial slaughterhouses; chemical-laden environments; and the immeasurable suffering of rising populations of animals reared in intensive confinement, along with the unquantifiable ethical issues that this entails. <br><br>

	Other externalized costs, however, are deeply contradictory in that they mask the deterioration of the very biophysical foundations of agriculture. These include the undervaluation of the damage associated with: soil erosion and salinization; the overdraft of water and threats to its long-term supply; the loss of biodiversity and crucial ‘ecosystem services’ (e.g. pollination, soil formation); and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In addition, there is a failure to account for the intractable dependence of industrial methods upon a finite resource base, particularly fossilized biomass. All of these biophysical contradictions – or sources of long-term instability – are magnified by the increasing intensity and volume of livestock production. Because so much usable nutrition is lost in cycling feed through animals, agriculture’s ‘footprint’ in the landscape necessarily expands as per capita meat production rises beyond the densities of small integrated farms and non-cultivatable pasture, as does the use of energy and agro-inputs. An expanding ‘ecological hoofprint’ is thus implicated in the loss of forests, grasslands and wet-lands, which has a major impact on the carbon cycle, both in the release of carbon as diverse ecosystems are converted to agriculture, and in the diminished capacity for carbon sequestration.The world’s livestock population is also a leading source of two other GHGs, methane and nitrous oxide, which are much smaller by volume than carbon dioxide but more potent per unit. 3 When this atmospheric burden is aggregated, the growth in global livestock population emerges as one of the largest contributors to climate change, which again fails to register in the conventional conception of productivity.<Ref>WEIS, T. (2010). The Accelerating Biophysical Contradictions of Industrial Capitalist Agriculture. Journal of Agrarian Change, 10(3), 315–341. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0366.2010.00273.x</Ref></Blockquote>

	~~https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2010.00273.x?casa_token=iQLshGXXzrsAAAAA%3Am8kKFvPqShwZXg3RX9JQ1fJy7lKHptga-Qtsee1I9UzZMIBlcsJkxFbZ-9-GdzOlo16VLC6XroSFD5XF~~
	~~=== Mono-cultures ===~~

	~~== Biodiversity Loss ==~~
	<Blockquote>Continual growth drives industrial expansion and accelerates communications and trade dynamics, resulting in overconsumption of materials and energy, conversion of large portions of land for human use, and an unsustainable increase in waste and emissions. Consumption and production patterns that fuel growth are responsible for the environmental degradation in the Anthropocene and have led to large increases in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate change, a profound transformation of the planet, and huge negative impacts on biodiversity. [[Biodiversity]] loss and climate change are closely interconnected; they share common drivers (human activities) and have predominantly negative impacts on human well-being and quality of life.<Ref>https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cobi.13821</Ref></Blockquote>

	<Blockquote>Although science and governmental policies have long strived for biological diversity protection, [[biodiversity]] has continuously declined. Ecosystems are deteriorating at unprecedented rates and approximately 1 million species are in danger of extinction. The last UN report, Global Biodiversity Outlook 5, concludes that, as in the case of the 2010 biodiversity targets, the 2020 Aichi Targets have not been met. The spiraling biodiversity loss will have multiple and multidimensional cascading effects that will lead to drastic changes in ecosystems dynamics and functioning. The growth-driven biodiversity collapse over the past century is causing the loss of ecological interactions, functions, redundancy, codependencies, structural complexity, and mechanisms of resilience that characterize natural systems. The COVID-19 crisis not only demonstrates the fragility of a socioeconomic system unaligned with nature, but also has resulted in the shutdown of conservation programs reliant on ecotourism for funding, which will affect biodiversity protection. This is strong evidence of the dependence of conservation funding on economic growth.<Ref>https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cobi.13821</Ref></Blockquote>

	= Greenwashing =		= Greenwashing =

Florez4747 at 21:34, 10 July 2023

2023-07-10T21:34:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:34, 10 July 2023
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	"The three circuits of capital are overlapping, such that any particular unit of capital simultaneously belongs to all the circuits at any given moment. The conditions of movement of the three types of capital, however, are not uniform. The history of evolution of imperialism illustrates the point. In the classical era of imperialism, of which Adam Smith, Ricardo and Marx wrote, it was commodity capital that crossed the national boundary of advanced capitalist country in the form of exported goods. The next phase of imperialism, which was identified by Lenin, saw the internationalization of money capital, that is, the "export of capital." In the latest phase of imperialism, the productive capital is internationalized as transnational corporations spread their wings."<Ref>Sau, R. (1979). On the Laws of Concentration and Centralization of Capital. Social Scientist, 8(3), 3. doi:10.2307/3520387</Ref>		"The three circuits of capital are overlapping, such that any particular unit of capital simultaneously belongs to all the circuits at any given moment. The conditions of movement of the three types of capital, however, are not uniform. The history of evolution of imperialism illustrates the point. In the classical era of imperialism, of which Adam Smith, Ricardo and Marx wrote, it was commodity capital that crossed the national boundary of advanced capitalist country in the form of exported goods. The next phase of imperialism, which was identified by Lenin, saw the internationalization of money capital, that is, the "export of capital." In the latest phase of imperialism, the productive capital is internationalized as transnational corporations spread their wings."<Ref>Sau, R. (1979). On the Laws of Concentration and Centralization of Capital. Social Scientist, 8(3), 3. doi:10.2307/3520387</Ref>


			= Climate Collapse =
			See Also: [[Anthropocene]] \| [[Sixth Mass Extinction]] \| [[Industrial Agriculture]] <br>

			Many authors, publications, scientists etc. have made the connection between capitalism/ unfettered economic growth and [[Climate Collapse]]. <Ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8478770.stm</Ref><Ref>https://neweconomics.org/uploads/files/f19c45312a905d73c3_rbm6iecku.pdf</Ref> Capitalism is predicated around endless growth and consumption<Ref>Strauss, William S., "The fallacy of endless growth: Exposing capitalism's insustainability" (2008). Doctoral Dissertations. 463. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/463</Ref> and these processes are causing a disruption in the Earth's natural Equilibrium<Ref>https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bittick/conservation/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Clark-York2005_Article_CarbonMetabolismGlobalCapitali.pdf</Ref> through the extraction of resources<Ref>https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/12/resource-extraction-carbon-emissions-biodiversity-loss</Ref>, land-use change<Ref>https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/5/</Ref> and burning of fossil fuels.<Ref>https://www.clientearth.org/latest/latest-updates/stories/fossil-fuels-and-climate-change-the-facts/</Ref>





			"Why Capitalism is Killing Us (And The Planet)": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-qxP2TzYcNw

			"[[Arundhati Roy]]: Capitalism Is “A Form of Religion” Stopping Solutions to Climate Change & Inequality": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyCkFoSIwWg

			"Capitalism Is Destroying Us - The New Climate Report": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvRtNGW9Ajk

			"How Capitalism Exploits Natural Disasters": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSl6OSx3Y-8




			== Terracide ==

			https://climateandcapitalism.com/2013/05/23/terracide-destroying-the-planet-for-profit/

			== Industrial Agriculture ==
			See: [[Industrial agriculture]]
			<Blockquote>However, the celebrated efficiency of industrial capitalist agriculture must also be seen to depend on an array of un- and undervalued costs. Some of these costs can be easily ignored and externalized, without posing a threat to the operative logic of the system. These include: the contribution to chronic epidemiological problems (e.g. obesity, cardiovascular disease) and the extensive burden on health-care systems; the costs of managing and responding to disease threats such as swine and avian flu, listeriosis, E. coli and mad cow; the diffuse impacts of fertilizer, chemical and other waste runoff from industrial monocultures and factory farms on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and human health; the associated costs of water treatment; an assortment of workplace health concerns (e.g. high rates of repetitive stress and accidental injuries); the psychological violence associated with factory farms and industrial slaughterhouses; chemical-laden environments; and the immeasurable suffering of rising populations of animals reared in intensive confinement, along with the unquantifiable ethical issues that this entails. <br><br>

			Other externalized costs, however, are deeply contradictory in that they mask the deterioration of the very biophysical foundations of agriculture. These include the undervaluation of the damage associated with: soil erosion and salinization; the overdraft of water and threats to its long-term supply; the loss of biodiversity and crucial ‘ecosystem services’ (e.g. pollination, soil formation); and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In addition, there is a failure to account for the intractable dependence of industrial methods upon a finite resource base, particularly fossilized biomass. All of these biophysical contradictions – or sources of long-term instability – are magnified by the increasing intensity and volume of livestock production. Because so much usable nutrition is lost in cycling feed through animals, agriculture’s ‘footprint’ in the landscape necessarily expands as per capita meat production rises beyond the densities of small integrated farms and non-cultivatable pasture, as does the use of energy and agro-inputs. An expanding ‘ecological hoofprint’ is thus implicated in the loss of forests, grasslands and wet-lands, which has a major impact on the carbon cycle, both in the release of carbon as diverse ecosystems are converted to agriculture, and in the diminished capacity for carbon sequestration.The world’s livestock population is also a leading source of two other GHGs, methane and nitrous oxide, which are much smaller by volume than carbon dioxide but more potent per unit. 3 When this atmospheric burden is aggregated, the growth in global livestock population emerges as one of the largest contributors to climate change, which again fails to register in the conventional conception of productivity.<Ref>WEIS, T. (2010). The Accelerating Biophysical Contradictions of Industrial Capitalist Agriculture. Journal of Agrarian Change, 10(3), 315–341. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0366.2010.00273.x</Ref></Blockquote>

			https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2010.00273.x?casa_token=iQLshGXXzrsAAAAA%3Am8kKFvPqShwZXg3RX9JQ1fJy7lKHptga-Qtsee1I9UzZMIBlcsJkxFbZ-9-GdzOlo16VLC6XroSFD5XF
			=== Mono-cultures ===

			== Biodiversity Loss ==
			<Blockquote>Continual growth drives industrial expansion and accelerates communications and trade dynamics, resulting in overconsumption of materials and energy, conversion of large portions of land for human use, and an unsustainable increase in waste and emissions. Consumption and production patterns that fuel growth are responsible for the environmental degradation in the Anthropocene and have led to large increases in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate change, a profound transformation of the planet, and huge negative impacts on biodiversity. [[Biodiversity]] loss and climate change are closely interconnected; they share common drivers (human activities) and have predominantly negative impacts on human well-being and quality of life.<Ref>https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cobi.13821</Ref></Blockquote>

			<Blockquote>Although science and governmental policies have long strived for biological diversity protection, [[biodiversity]] has continuously declined. Ecosystems are deteriorating at unprecedented rates and approximately 1 million species are in danger of extinction. The last UN report, Global Biodiversity Outlook 5, concludes that, as in the case of the 2010 biodiversity targets, the 2020 Aichi Targets have not been met. The spiraling biodiversity loss will have multiple and multidimensional cascading effects that will lead to drastic changes in ecosystems dynamics and functioning. The growth-driven biodiversity collapse over the past century is causing the loss of ecological interactions, functions, redundancy, codependencies, structural complexity, and mechanisms of resilience that characterize natural systems. The COVID-19 crisis not only demonstrates the fragility of a socioeconomic system unaligned with nature, but also has resulted in the shutdown of conservation programs reliant on ecotourism for funding, which will affect biodiversity protection. This is strong evidence of the dependence of conservation funding on economic growth.<Ref>https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cobi.13821</Ref></Blockquote>




	= Characteristics =		= Characteristics =

Florez4747: /* Greenwashing */

2023-07-10T21:32:50Z

Greenwashing

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:32, 10 July 2023
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	In a 2020 joint report, "The Regenerative Revolution: A new paradigm for event management," [[Marriott International]] and [[IMEX Group]] cites the Capital Institute's "8 Principles for a Regenerative Economy" from "Regenerative Capitalism" as among the foundations of their work.<ref>p. 46, 67, & 71; https://www.imexexhibitions.com/sites/default/files/2020-10/The_Regenerative_Revolution_.pdf</ref>		In a 2020 joint report, "The Regenerative Revolution: A new paradigm for event management," [[Marriott International]] and [[IMEX Group]] cites the Capital Institute's "8 Principles for a Regenerative Economy" from "Regenerative Capitalism" as among the foundations of their work.<ref>p. 46, 67, & 71; https://www.imexexhibitions.com/sites/default/files/2020-10/The_Regenerative_Revolution_.pdf</ref>


			== Green Capitalism ==
			<Blockquote>On the spectrum of the defenders of green capitalism, there is a reformist variant that has gained a lot of attention recently: the Green New Deal, which calls for a program with hints of neo-Keynesianism in order to face the crisis. In the United States, this policy is supported by some candidates in the primaries of the Democratic Party, including Bernie Sanders and Elizabeth Warren, and also by the self-styled democratic socialist Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez. The GND is also appearing in speeches and programs by European social-liberal parties like the PSOE or neoreformist tendencies like Podemos.<br><br>

			According to Ocasio-Cortez, the GND would allow the U.S. to transition to 100% renewable energy within 10 years, while creating millions of jobs linked to the construction of an efficient electrical grid throughout the country based on renewable technology, among other measures. How? By subsidizing billion-dollar corporations, the ones responsible for the current ecological crisis, so they can develop infrastructure to get us out of it. For this, they are to receive massive subsidies from the state. <br><br>

			The idea behind this perspective is that if the governments of the central industrialized countries in the world and the big multinational corporations become aware of the situation, they will be able to adopt measures to preserve the environment. Both the Green New Deal and similar proposals (like the UN Agenda 2020), which are reference points for many “progressive” forces around the planet, are based on the idea that “sustainable capitalism” is possible and that the corporations that created the crisis can become the saviors of the planet. But the illusion that the contradictions between capitalist interests and environmental preservation—affecting the lives of hundreds of millions of people—can be resolved is utopian and reactionary. <br><br>

			The capitalist mode of production is in total contradiction with nature and its processes of development. For capital, the determining factor in this process is merely quantitative. Fierce competition forces each capitalist to constantly seek ways to replace workers with machines that increase the productivity of labor and the mass of goods thrown onto the market. This increases the amount of natural resources needed to produce them. The constant repetition of production and reproduction of capital ruthlessly eats up all resources, without taking into account the time required for their natural production and regeneration. <br><br>

			The cause of this type of environmentally destructive development, rather than capitalist irrationality, is its inherent logic. It is the logical result of an economic system whose engine is the capitalists’ thirst for profit.<Ref>https://www.leftvoice.org/capitalism-is-destroying-the-planet-lets-destroy-capitalism/</Ref></Blockquote>

	= Colonization =		= Colonization =

Florez4747: /* Characteristics */

2023-07-10T21:16:29Z

Characteristics

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:16, 10 July 2023
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	== Surveillance ==		== Surveillance ==
	<Blockquote>Flows of information are therefore tightly connected to nature. Here we might reflect upon the connections between the planetary surveillance and imperial surveillance. We are witnessing the globalized data theft by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) and other intelligence “services,” in order to appropriate information necessary for control of the other earth systems. The twenty-first century is also the era of the robot world war. Killer drones, from Afghanistan to Somalia, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, and Palestine, are deployed to kill “terrorists”—defined as those who threaten the normal working of world systems which (we are told) are indispensable for “free peoples” in a “free world.” The struggles over energy and the climate have repercussions for all other earth systems and for human rights in general. The dominant narrative on capitalism’s globalization, a quarter century after the end of “actually existing socialism,” seems almost kitschy against the background of these planetary developments. Its repercussions are felt across all spheres of life: in politics and cultures, in the economy and in daily life.<Ref>Moore, Jason W., "Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism" (2016).Sociology Faculty Scholarship. Page, 139</Ref></Blockquote>		<Blockquote>Flows of information are therefore tightly connected to nature. Here we might reflect upon the connections between the planetary surveillance and imperial surveillance. We are witnessing the globalized data theft by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) and other intelligence “services,” in order to appropriate information necessary for control of the other earth systems. The twenty-first century is also the era of the robot world war. Killer drones, from Afghanistan to Somalia, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, and Palestine, are deployed to kill “terrorists”—defined as those who threaten the normal working of world systems which (we are told) are indispensable for “free peoples” in a “free world.” The struggles over energy and the climate have repercussions for all other earth systems and for human rights in general. The dominant narrative on capitalism’s globalization, a quarter century after the end of “actually existing socialism,” seems almost kitschy against the background of these planetary developments. Its repercussions are felt across all spheres of life: in politics and cultures, in the economy and in daily life.<Ref>Moore, Jason W., "Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism" (2016).Sociology Faculty Scholarship. Page, 139</Ref></Blockquote>

			== The State ==
			<Blockquote>Climate change brings extreme weather, drought, wild fires, flooding, in short, emergencies. Under conditions of modern capitalism, these emergencies, in turn, call forth the state. When the routine functioning of production and consumptive reproduction is paralyzed by some weather event, we see the real relationship between capital and the state. In these moments, capital’s profound, even existential, dependence upon the core features of government comes into focus: legal authority, backed by legitimized organized violence; production for use, as in the public sector; and the need for mass, unified collective action and planning. Capital’s world of self-interest and private accumulation depends upon non-capitalist values, non-capitalist institutions, and non-capitalist forms of production and reproduction to survive. All this becomes glaringly apparent in a moment of crisis. <br><br>

			In responding to the climate crisis, it appears that the state will have to take on a broadly defined environmental mission. At first glance this might seem like a new task. In fact, the capitalist state has always been an inherently environmental entity. Elements of this argument can be found elsewhere. Just as capital does not have a relationship to nature but rather is a relationship to nature, so too is that relationship always also a relationship with the state, and mediated through the state. To put it even more directly: the state does not have a relationship with nature, it is a relationship with nature because the web of life and its metabolism—including the economy—exist upon the surface of the earth, and because the state is fundamentally a territorial institution. <br><br>

			Thus, I am bringing the state into Moore’s conception of capitalism as a world-ecology of capital, power, and nature (2015a). My core argument is this: the state is an inherently environmental entity, and as such, it is at the heart of the value form. The state is at the heart of the value form because the use values of nonhuman nature are, in turn, central sources of value. The modern state delivers these use values to capital. The state is therefore central to our understanding of the valorization process and to our discussion of the Capitalocene. <br><br>

			This argument becomes clear by explicitly connecting a few common ideas that are already implicitly linked. First, accept that the capitalist state by definition must work to reproduce the conditions of accumulation. Second, acknowledge the importance of nonhuman nature’s “use values” in the production of exchange values. Third, consider the location of these preexisting natural use values. Where do we find “nature” and its utilities? In the biosphere, which is to say: upon the surface of the earth. Fourth, now consider again the state’s obvious but undertheorized “territoriality.” The modern state is fundamentally geographic; it is territory. Now tie all these together: the preexisting use values of nonhuman nature are essential to capitalist accumulation, and these are found upon the surface of the earth. What institutions ultimately control the surface of the earth? States.<Ref>Moore, Jason W., "Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism" (2016).Sociology Faculty Scholarship. Page, 166-167</Ref></Blockquote>

	= Origins of Capitalism =		= Origins of Capitalism =

Florez4747: /* Surveillance */

2023-07-10T18:05:10Z

Surveillance

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:05, 10 July 2023
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	== Surveillance ==		== Surveillance ==
			<Blockquote>Flows of information are therefore tightly connected to nature. Here we might reflect upon the connections between the planetary surveillance and imperial surveillance. We are witnessing the globalized data theft by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) and other intelligence “services,” in order to appropriate information necessary for control of the other earth systems. The twenty-first century is also the era of the robot world war. Killer drones, from Afghanistan to Somalia, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, and Palestine, are deployed to kill “terrorists”—defined as those who threaten the normal working of world systems which (we are told) are indispensable for “free peoples” in a “free world.” The struggles over energy and the climate have repercussions for all other earth systems and for human rights in general. The dominant narrative on capitalism’s globalization, a quarter century after the end of “actually existing socialism,” seems almost kitschy against the background of these planetary developments. Its repercussions are felt across all spheres of life: in politics and cultures, in the economy and in daily life.<Ref>Moore, Jason W., "Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism" (2016).Sociology Faculty Scholarship. Page, 139</Ref></Blockquote>

	= Origins of Capitalism =		= Origins of Capitalism =

Florez4747: /* Earth Systems */

2023-07-10T18:02:11Z

Earth Systems

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:02, 10 July 2023
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	== ~~Earth Systems~~ ==		== Surveillance ==

	= Origins of Capitalism =		= Origins of Capitalism =

Florez4747: /* Characteristics */

2023-07-10T18:01:36Z

Characteristics

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:01, 10 July 2023
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	== Social Capital ==		== Social Capital ==


			== Earth Systems ==

	= Origins of Capitalism =		= Origins of Capitalism =

Florez4747: /* Climate Collapse */

2023-07-07T02:43:42Z

Climate Collapse

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:43, 7 July 2023
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	= Climate Collapse =		= Climate Collapse =
			See Also: [[Anthropocene]] \| [[Sixth Mass Extinction]] \| [[Industrial Agriculture]] <br>

	Many authors, publications, scientists etc. have made the connection between capitalism/ unfettered economic growth and [[Climate Collapse]]. <Ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8478770.stm</Ref><Ref>https://neweconomics.org/uploads/files/f19c45312a905d73c3_rbm6iecku.pdf</Ref> Capitalism is predicated around endless growth and consumption<Ref>Strauss, William S., "The fallacy of endless growth: Exposing capitalism's insustainability" (2008). Doctoral Dissertations. 463. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/463</Ref> and these processes are causing a disruption in the Earth's natural Equilibrium<Ref>https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bittick/conservation/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Clark-York2005_Article_CarbonMetabolismGlobalCapitali.pdf</Ref> through the extraction of resources<Ref>https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/12/resource-extraction-carbon-emissions-biodiversity-loss</Ref>, land-use change<Ref>https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/5/</Ref> and burning of fossil fuels.<Ref>https://www.clientearth.org/latest/latest-updates/stories/fossil-fuels-and-climate-change-the-facts/</Ref>		Many authors, publications, scientists etc. have made the connection between capitalism/ unfettered economic growth and [[Climate Collapse]]. <Ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8478770.stm</Ref><Ref>https://neweconomics.org/uploads/files/f19c45312a905d73c3_rbm6iecku.pdf</Ref> Capitalism is predicated around endless growth and consumption<Ref>Strauss, William S., "The fallacy of endless growth: Exposing capitalism's insustainability" (2008). Doctoral Dissertations. 463. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/463</Ref> and these processes are causing a disruption in the Earth's natural Equilibrium<Ref>https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bittick/conservation/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Clark-York2005_Article_CarbonMetabolismGlobalCapitali.pdf</Ref> through the extraction of resources<Ref>https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/12/resource-extraction-carbon-emissions-biodiversity-loss</Ref>, land-use change<Ref>https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/5/</Ref> and burning of fossil fuels.<Ref>https://www.clientearth.org/latest/latest-updates/stories/fossil-fuels-and-climate-change-the-facts/</Ref>