Cowboy mythology - Revision history

TH at 06:57, 9 September 2023

2023-09-09T06:57:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:57, 9 September 2023
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	[[Red Meat Republic]] does the heavy work of grounding abstract cuts of meat in material historical analysis of how Washington's Cattle-Beef Complex came to be and how [[capitalism]], genocide, land theft, and Cowboy mythology played a pivotal role in its proliferation across [[Turtle Island]].		[[Red Meat Republic]] does the heavy work of grounding abstract cuts of meat in material historical analysis of how Washington's Cattle-Beef Complex came to be and how [[capitalism]], genocide, land theft, and Cowboy mythology played a pivotal role in its proliferation across [[Turtle Island]].

	See [[Beef PR War]] for how the [[Soil Carbon ~~Cowboy~~]] myth propped up by the likes of [[Shell Oil]] now undergirds the 24/7 'military command' surveillance & propaganda strategy deployed by the US beef industry, using federal funding and designed by climate denying fossil fuel PR firms.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/03/beef-industry-public-relations-messaging-machine</ref>		See [[Beef PR War]] for how the [[Soil Carbon Cowboys]] myth propped up by the likes of [[Shell Oil]] now undergirds the 24/7 'military command' surveillance & propaganda strategy deployed by the US beef industry, using federal funding and designed by climate denying fossil fuel PR firms.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/03/beef-industry-public-relations-messaging-machine</ref>

	= Cowboys and "Indians" =		= Cowboys and "Indians" =

TH at 06:57, 9 September 2023

2023-09-09T06:57:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:57, 9 September 2023
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	[[Red Meat Republic]] does the heavy work of grounding abstract cuts of meat in material historical analysis of how Washington's Cattle-Beef Complex came to be and how [[capitalism]], genocide, land theft, and Cowboy mythology played a pivotal role in its proliferation across [[Turtle Island]].		[[Red Meat Republic]] does the heavy work of grounding abstract cuts of meat in material historical analysis of how Washington's Cattle-Beef Complex came to be and how [[capitalism]], genocide, land theft, and Cowboy mythology played a pivotal role in its proliferation across [[Turtle Island]].

	See [[Beef PR War]] for how the [[Soil Carbon Cowboy]] myth propped up by the likes of [[Shell Oil]] now undergirds the 24/7 'military command' surveillance & propaganda strategy deployed by the beef industry, using federal funding and designed by climate denying fossil fuel PR firms.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/03/beef-industry-public-relations-messaging-machine</ref>		See [[Beef PR War]] for how the [[Soil Carbon Cowboy]] myth propped up by the likes of [[Shell Oil]] now undergirds the 24/7 'military command' surveillance & propaganda strategy deployed by the US beef industry, using federal funding and designed by climate denying fossil fuel PR firms.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/03/beef-industry-public-relations-messaging-machine</ref>

	= Cowboys and "Indians" =		= Cowboys and "Indians" =

TH at 06:57, 9 September 2023

2023-09-09T06:57:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:57, 9 September 2023
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	[[Red Meat Republic]] does the heavy work of grounding abstract cuts of meat in material historical analysis of how Washington's Cattle-Beef Complex came to be and how [[capitalism]], genocide, land theft, and Cowboy mythology played a pivotal role in its proliferation across [[Turtle Island]].		[[Red Meat Republic]] does the heavy work of grounding abstract cuts of meat in material historical analysis of how Washington's Cattle-Beef Complex came to be and how [[capitalism]], genocide, land theft, and Cowboy mythology played a pivotal role in its proliferation across [[Turtle Island]].

			See [[Beef PR War]] for how the [[Soil Carbon Cowboy]] myth propped up by the likes of [[Shell Oil]] now undergirds the 24/7 'military command' surveillance & propaganda strategy deployed by the beef industry, using federal funding and designed by climate denying fossil fuel PR firms.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/03/beef-industry-public-relations-messaging-machine</ref>

	= Cowboys and "Indians" =		= Cowboys and "Indians" =

TH at 18:19, 1 September 2023

2023-09-01T18:19:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:19, 1 September 2023
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	[[Red Meat Republic]] does the heavy work of grounding abstract cuts of meat in material historical analysis of how ~~the~~ Cattle-Beef Complex came to be and how [[capitalism]], genocide, land theft, and Cowboy mythology played a pivotal role in its proliferation across ~~the country~~.		[[Red Meat Republic]] does the heavy work of grounding abstract cuts of meat in material historical analysis of how Washington's Cattle-Beef Complex came to be and how [[capitalism]], genocide, land theft, and Cowboy mythology played a pivotal role in its proliferation across [[Turtle Island]].

	= Cowboys and "Indians" =		= Cowboys and "Indians" =

TH at 18:18, 1 September 2023

2023-09-01T18:18:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:18, 1 September 2023
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			[[Red Meat Republic]] does the heavy work of grounding abstract cuts of meat in material historical analysis of how the Cattle-Beef Complex came to be and how [[capitalism]], genocide, land theft, and Cowboy mythology played a pivotal role in its proliferation across the country.

	= Cowboys and "Indians" =		= Cowboys and "Indians" =
	https://sci-hub.ru/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1409497		https://sci-hub.ru/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1409497

	= Iraq Genocide =		= Iraq Genocide =

TH at 04:55, 8 June 2023

2023-06-08T04:55:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:55, 8 June 2023
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	== American Sniper ==		== American Sniper ==

	As presented by Dr. Yousef K. Baker<ref>https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.13169/arabstudquar.42.1-2.0046; p. 56-57, "KILLING “HAJIS” IN “INDIAN COUNTRY”: NEOLIBERAL CRISIS, THE IRAQ WAR AND THE AFFECTIVE WAGES OF ANTI-MUSLIM RACISM," by Dr. Yousef K. Baker</ref><ref>These ideas are also discussed in [[The Red Nation]]'s podcast episode "Cowboys and Hajis: Iraq 2003 w/ Yousef Baker" ~~which first alerted us to Dr. Baker's work, with~~ co-~~hosts~~ Nick Estes and Sina Rahmani: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqY2ZiVNOkI</ref>:		As presented by Dr. Yousef K. Baker<ref>https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.13169/arabstudquar.42.1-2.0046; p. 56-57, "KILLING “HAJIS” IN “INDIAN COUNTRY”: NEOLIBERAL CRISIS, THE IRAQ WAR AND THE AFFECTIVE WAGES OF ANTI-MUSLIM RACISM," by Dr. Yousef K. Baker</ref><ref>These ideas are also discussed in [[The Red Nation]]'s podcast episode "Cowboys and Hajis: Iraq 2003 w/ Yousef Baker" co-hosted by Nick Estes and Sina Rahmani: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqY2ZiVNOkI</ref>:

	<blockquote>Racist ideas of soldiers’ understanding of Iraq became glorified as authoritative experiences with the Muslim other in the frontier. In 2012, Chris Kyle, “the most lethal sniper in US history,” published his autobiography, American Sniper. It quickly became a New York Times bestseller.<ref>C. Kyle, S. McEwen, and J. DeFelice, American Sniper: The Autobiography of the Most Lethal Sniper in US Military History (New York: W. Morrow, 2012).</ref> Two years later Clint Eastwood directed a film based on the book. The film grossed over half a billion dollars worldwide and was nominated for six Academy Awards.<ref>C. Eastwood, American Sniper (Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Entertainment, 2015); C. Mauricette, “American Sniper (2014),” in S. Murguia, ed., The Encyclopedia of Racism in American Films (London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018), 18–24; L. Soberon, “‘The Old Wild West in the New Middle East’: American Sniper (2014) and the Global Frontiers of the Western Genre,” European Journal of American Studies 12:2 (2017), 1–18.</ref> The film and book portray a complex character in Kyle, whose civilized childhood filled with dreams and aspirations is set against Iraqis lacking these characteristics. They are “savage” with evil lurking in their depths,<ref>Mauricette, “American Sniper (2014),” 20.</ref> which can strike at any time: “Savage, despicable evil. That’s what we’re fighting in Iraq. That’s why a lot of people, myself included, called the enemy ‘savages.’ There really was no other way to describe what we encountered there.” Referring to the number of Iraqis he killed, Kyle writes,		<blockquote>Racist ideas of soldiers’ understanding of Iraq became glorified as authoritative experiences with the Muslim other in the frontier. In 2012, Chris Kyle, “the most lethal sniper in US history,” published his autobiography, American Sniper. It quickly became a New York Times bestseller.<ref>C. Kyle, S. McEwen, and J. DeFelice, American Sniper: The Autobiography of the Most Lethal Sniper in US Military History (New York: W. Morrow, 2012).</ref> Two years later Clint Eastwood directed a film based on the book. The film grossed over half a billion dollars worldwide and was nominated for six Academy Awards.<ref>C. Eastwood, American Sniper (Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Entertainment, 2015); C. Mauricette, “American Sniper (2014),” in S. Murguia, ed., The Encyclopedia of Racism in American Films (London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018), 18–24; L. Soberon, “‘The Old Wild West in the New Middle East’: American Sniper (2014) and the Global Frontiers of the Western Genre,” European Journal of American Studies 12:2 (2017), 1–18.</ref> The film and book portray a complex character in Kyle, whose civilized childhood filled with dreams and aspirations is set against Iraqis lacking these characteristics. They are “savage” with evil lurking in their depths,<ref>Mauricette, “American Sniper (2014),” 20.</ref> which can strike at any time: “Savage, despicable evil. That’s what we’re fighting in Iraq. That’s why a lot of people, myself included, called the enemy ‘savages.’ There really was no other way to describe what we encountered there.” Referring to the number of Iraqis he killed, Kyle writes,

TH at 04:54, 8 June 2023

2023-06-08T04:54:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:54, 8 June 2023
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	== American Sniper ==		== American Sniper ==

	As presented by Dr. Yousef K. Baker<ref>https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.13169/arabstudquar.42.1-2.0046; p. 56-57, "KILLING “HAJIS” IN “INDIAN COUNTRY”: NEOLIBERAL CRISIS, THE IRAQ WAR AND THE AFFECTIVE WAGES OF ANTI-MUSLIM RACISM," by Dr. Yousef K. Baker</ref><ref>These ideas are also discussed in ~~the~~ [[Red Nation]] podcast episode "Cowboys and Hajis: Iraq 2003 w/ Yousef Baker" which first alerted us to Dr. Baker's work, with co-hosts Nick Estes and Sina Rahmani: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqY2ZiVNOkI</ref>:		As presented by Dr. Yousef K. Baker<ref>https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.13169/arabstudquar.42.1-2.0046; p. 56-57, "KILLING “HAJIS” IN “INDIAN COUNTRY”: NEOLIBERAL CRISIS, THE IRAQ WAR AND THE AFFECTIVE WAGES OF ANTI-MUSLIM RACISM," by Dr. Yousef K. Baker</ref><ref>These ideas are also discussed in [[The Red Nation]]'s podcast episode "Cowboys and Hajis: Iraq 2003 w/ Yousef Baker" which first alerted us to Dr. Baker's work, with co-hosts Nick Estes and Sina Rahmani: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqY2ZiVNOkI</ref>:

	<blockquote>Racist ideas of soldiers’ understanding of Iraq became glorified as authoritative experiences with the Muslim other in the frontier. In 2012, Chris Kyle, “the most lethal sniper in US history,” published his autobiography, American Sniper. It quickly became a New York Times bestseller.<ref>C. Kyle, S. McEwen, and J. DeFelice, American Sniper: The Autobiography of the Most Lethal Sniper in US Military History (New York: W. Morrow, 2012).</ref> Two years later Clint Eastwood directed a film based on the book. The film grossed over half a billion dollars worldwide and was nominated for six Academy Awards.<ref>C. Eastwood, American Sniper (Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Entertainment, 2015); C. Mauricette, “American Sniper (2014),” in S. Murguia, ed., The Encyclopedia of Racism in American Films (London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018), 18–24; L. Soberon, “‘The Old Wild West in the New Middle East’: American Sniper (2014) and the Global Frontiers of the Western Genre,” European Journal of American Studies 12:2 (2017), 1–18.</ref> The film and book portray a complex character in Kyle, whose civilized childhood filled with dreams and aspirations is set against Iraqis lacking these characteristics. They are “savage” with evil lurking in their depths,<ref>Mauricette, “American Sniper (2014),” 20.</ref> which can strike at any time: “Savage, despicable evil. That’s what we’re fighting in Iraq. That’s why a lot of people, myself included, called the enemy ‘savages.’ There really was no other way to describe what we encountered there.” Referring to the number of Iraqis he killed, Kyle writes,		<blockquote>Racist ideas of soldiers’ understanding of Iraq became glorified as authoritative experiences with the Muslim other in the frontier. In 2012, Chris Kyle, “the most lethal sniper in US history,” published his autobiography, American Sniper. It quickly became a New York Times bestseller.<ref>C. Kyle, S. McEwen, and J. DeFelice, American Sniper: The Autobiography of the Most Lethal Sniper in US Military History (New York: W. Morrow, 2012).</ref> Two years later Clint Eastwood directed a film based on the book. The film grossed over half a billion dollars worldwide and was nominated for six Academy Awards.<ref>C. Eastwood, American Sniper (Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Entertainment, 2015); C. Mauricette, “American Sniper (2014),” in S. Murguia, ed., The Encyclopedia of Racism in American Films (London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018), 18–24; L. Soberon, “‘The Old Wild West in the New Middle East’: American Sniper (2014) and the Global Frontiers of the Western Genre,” European Journal of American Studies 12:2 (2017), 1–18.</ref> The film and book portray a complex character in Kyle, whose civilized childhood filled with dreams and aspirations is set against Iraqis lacking these characteristics. They are “savage” with evil lurking in their depths,<ref>Mauricette, “American Sniper (2014),” 20.</ref> which can strike at any time: “Savage, despicable evil. That’s what we’re fighting in Iraq. That’s why a lot of people, myself included, called the enemy ‘savages.’ There really was no other way to describe what we encountered there.” Referring to the number of Iraqis he killed, Kyle writes,

Florez4747 at 17:46, 12 April 2023

2023-04-12T17:46:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:46, 12 April 2023
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			= Cowboys and "Indians" =
			https://sci-hub.ru/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1409497
	= Iraq Genocide =		= Iraq Genocide =

TH: /* American Sniper */

2023-04-10T19:16:00Z

American Sniper

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:16, 10 April 2023
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	== American Sniper ==		== American Sniper ==

	As presented by Dr. Yousef K. Baker ~~in "Killing 'Hajis' in 'Indian Country': Neoliberal Crisis, The Iraq War, and the Affective Wages of Anti-Muslim Racism~~<ref>https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.13169/arabstudquar.42.1-2.0046; p. 56-57, "KILLING “HAJIS” IN “INDIAN COUNTRY”: NEOLIBERAL CRISIS, THE IRAQ WAR AND THE AFFECTIVE WAGES OF ANTI-MUSLIM RACISM," by Dr. Yousef K. Baker</ref><ref>These ideas are also discussed in the [[Red Nation]] podcast episode "Cowboys and Hajis: Iraq 2003 w/ Yousef Baker" which first alerted us to Dr. Baker's work, with co-hosts Nick Estes and Sina Rahmani: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqY2ZiVNOkI</ref>:		As presented by Dr. Yousef K. Baker<ref>https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.13169/arabstudquar.42.1-2.0046; p. 56-57, "KILLING “HAJIS” IN “INDIAN COUNTRY”: NEOLIBERAL CRISIS, THE IRAQ WAR AND THE AFFECTIVE WAGES OF ANTI-MUSLIM RACISM," by Dr. Yousef K. Baker</ref><ref>These ideas are also discussed in the [[Red Nation]] podcast episode "Cowboys and Hajis: Iraq 2003 w/ Yousef Baker" which first alerted us to Dr. Baker's work, with co-hosts Nick Estes and Sina Rahmani: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqY2ZiVNOkI</ref>:

	<blockquote>Racist ideas of soldiers’ understanding of Iraq became glorified as authoritative experiences with the Muslim other in the frontier. In 2012, Chris Kyle, “the most lethal sniper in US history,” published his autobiography, American Sniper. It quickly became a New York Times bestseller.<ref>C. Kyle, S. McEwen, and J. DeFelice, American Sniper: The Autobiography of the Most Lethal Sniper in US Military History (New York: W. Morrow, 2012).</ref> Two years later Clint Eastwood directed a film based on the book. The film grossed over half a billion dollars worldwide and was nominated for six Academy Awards.<ref>C. Eastwood, American Sniper (Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Entertainment, 2015); C. Mauricette, “American Sniper (2014),” in S. Murguia, ed., The Encyclopedia of Racism in American Films (London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018), 18–24; L. Soberon, “‘The Old Wild West in the New Middle East’: American Sniper (2014) and the Global Frontiers of the Western Genre,” European Journal of American Studies 12:2 (2017), 1–18.</ref> The film and book portray a complex character in Kyle, whose civilized childhood filled with dreams and aspirations is set against Iraqis lacking these characteristics. They are “savage” with evil lurking in their depths,<ref>Mauricette, “American Sniper (2014),” 20.</ref> which can strike at any time: “Savage, despicable evil. That’s what we’re fighting in Iraq. That’s why a lot of people, myself included, called the enemy ‘savages.’ There really was no other way to describe what we encountered there.” Referring to the number of Iraqis he killed, Kyle writes,		<blockquote>Racist ideas of soldiers’ understanding of Iraq became glorified as authoritative experiences with the Muslim other in the frontier. In 2012, Chris Kyle, “the most lethal sniper in US history,” published his autobiography, American Sniper. It quickly became a New York Times bestseller.<ref>C. Kyle, S. McEwen, and J. DeFelice, American Sniper: The Autobiography of the Most Lethal Sniper in US Military History (New York: W. Morrow, 2012).</ref> Two years later Clint Eastwood directed a film based on the book. The film grossed over half a billion dollars worldwide and was nominated for six Academy Awards.<ref>C. Eastwood, American Sniper (Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Entertainment, 2015); C. Mauricette, “American Sniper (2014),” in S. Murguia, ed., The Encyclopedia of Racism in American Films (London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018), 18–24; L. Soberon, “‘The Old Wild West in the New Middle East’: American Sniper (2014) and the Global Frontiers of the Western Genre,” European Journal of American Studies 12:2 (2017), 1–18.</ref> The film and book portray a complex character in Kyle, whose civilized childhood filled with dreams and aspirations is set against Iraqis lacking these characteristics. They are “savage” with evil lurking in their depths,<ref>Mauricette, “American Sniper (2014),” 20.</ref> which can strike at any time: “Savage, despicable evil. That’s what we’re fighting in Iraq. That’s why a lot of people, myself included, called the enemy ‘savages.’ There really was no other way to describe what we encountered there.” Referring to the number of Iraqis he killed, Kyle writes,

TH: Created page with "= Iraq Genocide = == American Sniper == As presented by Dr. Yousef K. Baker in "Killing 'Hajis' in 'Indian Country': Neoliberal Crisis, The Iraq War, and the Affective Wages of Anti-Muslim Racismhttps://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.13169/arabstudquar.42.1-2.0046; p. 56-57, "KILLING “HAJIS” IN “INDIAN COUNTRY”: NEOLIBERAL CRISIS, THE IRAQ WAR AND THE AFFECTIVE WAGES OF ANTI-MUSLIM RACISM," by Dr. Yousef K. BakerThese ideas are also..."

2023-04-10T19:14:32Z

Created page with "= Iraq Genocide = == American Sniper == As presented by Dr. Yousef K. Baker in "Killing 'Hajis' in 'Indian Country': Neoliberal Crisis, The Iraq War, and the Affective Wages of Anti-Muslim Racism<ref>https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.13169/arabstudquar.42.1-2.0046; p. 56-57, "KILLING “HAJIS” IN “INDIAN COUNTRY”: NEOLIBERAL CRISIS, THE IRAQ WAR AND THE AFFECTIVE WAGES OF ANTI-MUSLIM RACISM," by Dr. Yousef K. Baker</ref><ref>These ideas are also..."

New page

= Iraq Genocide =

== American Sniper ==

As presented by Dr. Yousef K. Baker in "Killing 'Hajis' in 'Indian Country': Neoliberal Crisis, The Iraq War, and the Affective Wages of Anti-Muslim Racism<ref>https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.13169/arabstudquar.42.1-2.0046; p. 56-57, "KILLING “HAJIS” IN “INDIAN COUNTRY”: NEOLIBERAL CRISIS, THE IRAQ WAR AND THE AFFECTIVE WAGES OF ANTI-MUSLIM RACISM," by Dr. Yousef K. Baker</ref><ref>These ideas are also discussed in the [[Red Nation]] podcast episode "Cowboys and Hajis: Iraq 2003 w/ Yousef Baker" which first alerted us to Dr. Baker's work, with co-hosts Nick Estes and Sina Rahmani: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqY2ZiVNOkI</ref>:

<blockquote>Racist ideas of soldiers’ understanding of Iraq became glorified as authoritative experiences with the Muslim other in the frontier. In 2012, Chris Kyle, “the most lethal sniper in US history,” published his autobiography, American Sniper. It quickly became a New York Times bestseller.<ref>C. Kyle, S. McEwen, and J. DeFelice, American Sniper: The Autobiography of the Most Lethal Sniper in US Military History (New York: W. Morrow, 2012).</ref> Two years later Clint Eastwood directed a film based on the book. The film grossed over half a billion dollars worldwide and was nominated for six Academy Awards.<ref>C. Eastwood, American Sniper (Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Entertainment, 2015); C. Mauricette, “American Sniper (2014),” in S. Murguia, ed., The Encyclopedia of Racism in American Films (London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018), 18–24; L. Soberon, “‘The Old Wild West in the New Middle East’: American Sniper (2014) and the Global Frontiers of the Western Genre,” European Journal of American Studies 12:2 (2017), 1–18.</ref> The film and book portray a complex character in Kyle, whose civilized childhood filled with dreams and aspirations is set against Iraqis lacking these characteristics. They are “savage” with evil lurking in their depths,<ref>Mauricette, “American Sniper (2014),” 20.</ref> which can strike at any time: “Savage, despicable evil. That’s what we’re fighting in Iraq. That’s why a lot of people, myself included, called the enemy ‘savages.’ There really was no other way to describe what we encountered there.” Referring to the number of Iraqis he killed, Kyle writes,

<blockquote> "The number is not important to me. I only wish I had killed more. Not for bragging rights, but because I believe the world is a better place without savages out there taking American lives. Everyone I shot in Iraq was trying to hurt Americans or Iraqis loyal to the new government."<ref>Ibid., 4–5. Kyle et al. repeatedly refer to Iraqis as “savages.” See the following pages just for a sampling of the usage: Kyle et al., American Sniper, 167, 97, 250, 60, 324.</ref></blockquote>

Chris Kyle refers to insurgent-controlled territory as “Injun territory” or “Injun country.”<ref>Ibid., 304, 32.</ref> The figure of the Indigenous peoples of America, of Indigenous warriors, looms in the background every time the notion of “Injun territory” is invoked. It permeates Kyle’s aspirations to be a cowboy, his love for Westerns where there is a clear antagonism between good and evil, cowboy and Indian, the civilized and the savage.<ref>Soberon, “The Old Wild West in the New Middle East,” 3–4.</ref> The brutalization, murder and dislocation of Indigenous people of the Americas is rehearsed once again in a revisionist narrative presenting their death portrayed as a civilizing mission reanimated through the death, destruction and disorder brought onto Iraq and Iraqis by the US military.

Eastwood’s film only amplifies the sensibility expressed in Kyle’s book. It is a piece of historical revisionism, where the attacks of 9/11/2001 become the reason for Kyle to go to war. The news of the 9/11 attacks are followed by gunfire from Kyle’s platoon in Iraq. The film creates this juxtaposition without any interest in the fact that there was never a connection between the 9/11 attacks and Saddam Hussein’s government in Iraq.<ref>Ibid., 10.</ref> As Chris Hedges, writes, “‘American Sniper,’ like the big-budget feature films pumped out in Germany during the Nazi era to exalt deformed values of militarism, racial self-glorification and state violence, is a piece of propaganda, a tawdry commercial for the crimes of empire.”<ref>C. Hedges, “Killing Ragheads for Jesus,” Truthdig (2015).</ref></blockquote>

= Sources =