Forestgarden - Revision history

Florez4747: /* City Forestgardens */

2023-08-10T18:25:02Z

City Forestgardens

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:25, 10 August 2023
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	= City Forestgardens =		= City Forestgardens =
	<Blockquote>Trees improve the environment, save money, and improve people's lives. Urban forests are critical components of green infrastructure and cities, and they are important in providing ecosystem services to a large global population. A growing body of literature recognizes the important contributions of trees in urban forests. Urban trees reduce air pollution, removing one-quarter of harmful particulate matter and offsetting carbon emissions through carbon storage. They mitigate water pollution by reducing storm water runoff. Urban trees lower energy costs of buildings through shading and evaporative cooling, reducing building energy consumption by up to 40 percent. They also provide many health benefits to people. Views of trees are correlated with less pronounced ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) in children, reduced violence in public housing communities (25 percent fewer incidents), and 23 percent fewer employee sick days for those with views of trees.<Ref>Cavender, Nicole & Donnelly, Gerard. (2019). Intersecting urban forestry and botanical gardens to address big challenges for healthier trees, people, and cities. PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET. 1. 10.1002/ppp3.38.</Ref></Blockquote>		<Blockquote>Trees improve the environment, save money, and improve people's lives. Urban forests are critical components of green infrastructure and cities, and they are important in providing ecosystem services to a large global population. A growing body of literature recognizes the important contributions of trees in urban forests. Urban trees reduce air pollution, removing one-quarter of harmful particulate matter and offsetting carbon emissions through carbon storage. They mitigate water pollution by reducing storm water runoff. Urban trees lower energy costs of buildings through shading and evaporative cooling, reducing building energy consumption by up to 40 percent. They also provide many health benefits to people. Views of trees are correlated with less pronounced ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) in children, reduced violence in public housing communities (25 percent fewer incidents), and 23 percent fewer employee sick days for those with views of trees.<Ref>Cavender, Nicole & Donnelly, Gerard. (2019). Intersecting urban forestry and botanical gardens to address big challenges for healthier trees, people, and cities. PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET. 1. 10.1002/ppp3.38.</Ref></Blockquote>

			<Blockquote>There is a growing recognition that solutions are needed to ameliorate the environmental and social effects of an increasing urbanized world. Trees are critical components of green infrastructure and urban nature. Improving urban forests across metropolitan areas is a key solution that requires immediate and strategic action. To protect trees and ensure that people have the benefits trees provide, human intervention is needed. Priorities should focus on protecting existing trees, improving the selection and diversity of species, and improving planning, standards, and care for trees. Success in carrying out these priorities requires a more socially inclusive approach and is reliant on different interest groups. Botanical gardens and arboreta can greatly assist in these endeavors and many are already actively engaged. We encourage botanical gardens and arboreta to become more active and to take initiative to collaborate in urban forestry efforts, and we believe this will have growing relevance across the globe. Government officials, planners, and consultants should find and reach out to botanical gardens to collaborate at the local level. Botanical gardens have particular strengths in practical, horticultural knowledge and training, as well as public credibility and outreach. With their involvement, outcomes will likely be more successful. Protecting, planting, and caring for the world's urban forests will deliver great benefits environmentally, socially, and economically. Urban forest improvement is worth our attention and greater investment for a greener, healthier, and more beautiful world for people.<Ref>Cavender, Nicole & Donnelly, Gerard. (2019). Intersecting urban forestry and botanical gardens to address big challenges for healthier trees, people, and cities. PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET. 1. 10.1002/ppp3.38.</Ref></Blockquote>

	= Cited =		= Cited =

Florez4747: /* City Forestgardens */

2023-08-10T18:20:52Z

City Forestgardens

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:20, 10 August 2023
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	= City Forestgardens =		= City Forestgardens =
			<Blockquote>Trees improve the environment, save money, and improve people's lives. Urban forests are critical components of green infrastructure and cities, and they are important in providing ecosystem services to a large global population. A growing body of literature recognizes the important contributions of trees in urban forests. Urban trees reduce air pollution, removing one-quarter of harmful particulate matter and offsetting carbon emissions through carbon storage. They mitigate water pollution by reducing storm water runoff. Urban trees lower energy costs of buildings through shading and evaporative cooling, reducing building energy consumption by up to 40 percent. They also provide many health benefits to people. Views of trees are correlated with less pronounced ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) in children, reduced violence in public housing communities (25 percent fewer incidents), and 23 percent fewer employee sick days for those with views of trees.<Ref>Cavender, Nicole & Donnelly, Gerard. (2019). Intersecting urban forestry and botanical gardens to address big challenges for healthier trees, people, and cities. PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET. 1. 10.1002/ppp3.38.</Ref></Blockquote>

	= Cited =		= Cited =

Florez4747 at 18:17, 10 August 2023

2023-08-10T18:17:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:17, 10 August 2023
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	A study conducted in Sweden by Per Askerlund, Ellen Almers explored the benefits of forestgardens for children aged 7 to 8.<Ref>Per Askerlund, Ellen Almers, Forest gardens – new opportunities for urban children to understand and develop relationships with other organisms, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, Volume 20, 2016, Pages 187-197, ISSN 1618-8667, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.08.007.</Ref>		A study conducted in Sweden by Per Askerlund, Ellen Almers explored the benefits of forestgardens for children aged 7 to 8.<Ref>Per Askerlund, Ellen Almers, Forest gardens – new opportunities for urban children to understand and develop relationships with other organisms, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, Volume 20, 2016, Pages 187-197, ISSN 1618-8667, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.08.007.</Ref>



			= City Forestgardens =
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Florez4747: /* Benefits for Children */

2023-08-10T17:44:16Z

Benefits for Children

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:44, 10 August 2023
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	= Benefits for Children =		= Benefits for Children =
	A study conducted in Sweden by Per Askerlund, Ellen Almers explored the benefits of forestgardens for children aged 7 to 8.		A study conducted in Sweden by Per Askerlund, Ellen Almers explored the benefits of forestgardens for children aged 7 to 8.<Ref>Per Askerlund, Ellen Almers, Forest gardens – new opportunities for urban children to understand and develop relationships with other organisms, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, Volume 20, 2016, Pages 187-197, ISSN 1618-8667, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.08.007.</Ref>

	= Cited =		= Cited =

Florez4747: /* Benefits for Children */

2023-08-10T17:24:36Z

Benefits for Children

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:24, 10 August 2023
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	= Benefits for Children =		= Benefits for Children =
			A study conducted in Sweden by Per Askerlund, Ellen Almers explored the benefits of forestgardens for children aged 7 to 8.

	= Cited =		= Cited =

Florez4747 at 17:20, 10 August 2023

2023-08-10T17:20:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:20, 10 August 2023
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	<Blockquote>Our findings highlight that historical Indigenous land-use legacies can support long-persisting (e.g., 150+ years) high functional and taxonomic plant diversity relative to less intensively utilized or managed landscapes nearby. Notably, this contrasts with most studies of land-use legacies of human impact which often find negative effects from human influences (e.g., industrial land-use). The taxonomic diversity of forest gardens in our study region is similar to that in biodiversity studies of Indigenous village sites and forest gardens in other parts of the world, including the Amazonian neotropics, eastern Mexico, and northwestern Belize, where people increased the diversity of desired food plants or overall landscape (beta) diversity. This research builds on an increasing awareness among scientists that biodiverse ecosystems globally have been formed and maintained by Indigenous peoples. There is therefore a greater need to understand the role of Indigenous management practices, including their impacts and effects, and to comprehend the many variables that support the resilience and other functions of managed forest systems.<Ref>https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol26/iss2/art6/#discussion14</Ref></Blockquote>		<Blockquote>Our findings highlight that historical Indigenous land-use legacies can support long-persisting (e.g., 150+ years) high functional and taxonomic plant diversity relative to less intensively utilized or managed landscapes nearby. Notably, this contrasts with most studies of land-use legacies of human impact which often find negative effects from human influences (e.g., industrial land-use). The taxonomic diversity of forest gardens in our study region is similar to that in biodiversity studies of Indigenous village sites and forest gardens in other parts of the world, including the Amazonian neotropics, eastern Mexico, and northwestern Belize, where people increased the diversity of desired food plants or overall landscape (beta) diversity. This research builds on an increasing awareness among scientists that biodiverse ecosystems globally have been formed and maintained by Indigenous peoples. There is therefore a greater need to understand the role of Indigenous management practices, including their impacts and effects, and to comprehend the many variables that support the resilience and other functions of managed forest systems.<Ref>https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol26/iss2/art6/#discussion14</Ref></Blockquote>


			= Benefits for Children =


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Florez4747: /* Colorado Plateau */

2023-08-10T02:59:01Z

Colorado Plateau

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:59, 10 August 2023
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	The authors explain their hypothesis:		The authors explain their hypothesis:

	<Blockquote>we offer a formal evaluation of this archaeo-ecosystem approach by using paired archaeological and ecological survey data focused on Puebloan occupation of a region known as Bears Ears on the Colorado Plateau in southeastern Utah. Puebloan populations modified their environment by constructing terraces and check dams, developing blinds and wing traps, importing exogenous species, and setting fires, but investments were not uniform across the region. We test the hypothesis that locations with greater investment indicated by larger and more complex archaeological sites should today have higher richness of culturally significant plant species, here termed ethnographic species richness (ESR), as an enduring legacy of past investment.<Ref name = "Pavlik"></Ref></Blockquote>		<Blockquote>we offer a formal evaluation of this archaeo-ecosystem approach by using paired archaeological and ecological survey data focused on Puebloan occupation of a region known as Bears Ears on the Colorado Plateau in southeastern Utah. Puebloan populations modified their environment by constructing terraces and check dams, developing blinds and wing traps, importing exogenous species, and setting fires, but investments were not uniform across the region. We test the hypothesis that locations with greater investment indicated by larger and more complex archaeological sites should today have higher richness of culturally significant plant species, here termed '''ethnographic species richness (ESR)''', as an enduring legacy of past investment.<Ref name = "Pavlik"></Ref></Blockquote>

	In their discussion of results their hypothesis is found to be true and illustrates the lasting effects Indigenous Persons place-based [[Traditional Ecological Knowledge]]:		In their discussion of results their hypothesis is found to be true and illustrates the lasting effects Indigenous Persons place-based [[Traditional Ecological Knowledge]]:

Florez4747: /* Hazelnut in Motion */

2023-08-09T21:32:40Z

Hazelnut in Motion

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:32, 9 August 2023
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	"...the squirrels help us…we don’t pick [the hazelnut], we cheat. We wait for the squirrels to clean and cache them so we don’t have to."<Ref name = "Armstrong"></Ref></Blockquote>		"...the squirrels help us…we don’t pick [the hazelnut], we cheat. We wait for the squirrels to clean and cache them so we don’t have to."<Ref name = "Armstrong"></Ref></Blockquote>


	==== Hazelnut Benefits ====		==== Hazelnut Benefits ====

Florez4747: /* Hazelnut in Motion */

2023-08-09T21:32:07Z

Hazelnut in Motion

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:32, 9 August 2023
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	University Press</Ref>The two nations listed above would clear spots next to native coniferous forests and plant perennial species and shrubs including: Crabapple, Wild Cherry, Plum, Soapberry, Wild ginger, Rice Roots, and medicinal herbs. The Nations would collect and transplant the plants while utilizing many techniques to keep the forest garden healthy such as pruning, fertilizing, coppicing, and controlled burns.<Ref>https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/05/indigenous-forest-gardens-remain-productive-and-diverse-for-over-a-century/</Ref>		University Press</Ref>The two nations listed above would clear spots next to native coniferous forests and plant perennial species and shrubs including: Crabapple, Wild Cherry, Plum, Soapberry, Wild ginger, Rice Roots, and medicinal herbs. The Nations would collect and transplant the plants while utilizing many techniques to keep the forest garden healthy such as pruning, fertilizing, coppicing, and controlled burns.<Ref>https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/05/indigenous-forest-gardens-remain-productive-and-diverse-for-over-a-century/</Ref>

	== Hazelnut in Motion ==		=== Hazelnut in Motion ===
	<Blockquote>There is a fleeting ethnographic record of hazelnut in so-called British Columbia, however shell fragments can be found archaeologically throughout the province. '''Linguistic evidence also supports the hypothesis that long distance transplanting of hazelnut, from the Salish region to the Ts'msyen, Gitxsan and Wet'suwet’en regions resulted in ecologically disjunct populations (e.g., in Hazelton BC, hence the name).''' Hazelnut was traditionally managed by fire and has numerous uses for people including for food (nut), for fuel (oily shells), it was an important medicine, the root produced an intense blue dye, and young switches were used for weaving and construction. ...<Ref>https://www.chelseygeralda.com/traditional-hazelnut-management</Ref></Blockquote>		<Blockquote>There is a fleeting ethnographic record of hazelnut in so-called British Columbia, however shell fragments can be found archaeologically throughout the province. '''Linguistic evidence also supports the hypothesis that long distance transplanting of hazelnut, from the Salish region to the Ts'msyen, Gitxsan and Wet'suwet’en regions resulted in ecologically disjunct populations (e.g., in Hazelton BC, hence the name).''' Hazelnut was traditionally managed by fire and has numerous uses for people including for food (nut), for fuel (oily shells), it was an important medicine, the root produced an intense blue dye, and young switches were used for weaving and construction. ...<Ref>https://www.chelseygeralda.com/traditional-hazelnut-management</Ref></Blockquote>

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	Residential schools and ongoing colonialism have disrupted and in some cases erased deep place-based agriculture practices and for hazelnut the same is true.<Ref name = "Armstrong"></Ref>		Residential schools and ongoing colonialism have disrupted and in some cases erased deep place-based agriculture practices and for hazelnut the same is true.<Ref name = "Armstrong"></Ref>

	=== Squirrels ===		==== Squirrels ====
	Squirrels depending on the nation are considered 'pesky' or 'helpful.' During interviews for a study<Ref>https://www.chelseygeralda.com/traditional-hazelnut-management</Ref> one of the interviewees, Elder Wal’ceckwu (Marion Dixon) from the Nlaka’pamux Nation, explained:		Squirrels depending on the nation are considered 'pesky' or 'helpful.' During interviews for a study<Ref>https://www.chelseygeralda.com/traditional-hazelnut-management</Ref> one of the interviewees, Elder Wal’ceckwu (Marion Dixon) from the Nlaka’pamux Nation, explained:

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	=== Hazelnut Benefits ===		==== Hazelnut Benefits ====
	<Blockquote>Hazelnuts are a high source of protein and are rich in unsaturated fats. They are a significant source of thiamine and vitamin B6 and other B vitamins. They can be eaten raw and stored for years without spoiling. Like Marion, Gitxsan Elders in northern BC remember hazelnut as a Christmas food, no doubt because nuts would keep for months when fresh food was scarce. Nuts were collected en masse and either left to dry as is (involucres can rot off the shells without turning the nut) or de-husked and processed all at once. Wintu people in California used willow switches to beat the involucres off the kernel. Marion recalls the hard work involved in collecting and processing nuts: <br><br>		<Blockquote>Hazelnuts are a high source of protein and are rich in unsaturated fats. They are a significant source of thiamine and vitamin B6 and other B vitamins. They can be eaten raw and stored for years without spoiling. Like Marion, Gitxsan Elders in northern BC remember hazelnut as a Christmas food, no doubt because nuts would keep for months when fresh food was scarce. Nuts were collected en masse and either left to dry as is (involucres can rot off the shells without turning the nut) or de-husked and processed all at once. Wintu people in California used willow switches to beat the involucres off the kernel. Marion recalls the hard work involved in collecting and processing nuts: <br><br>

Florez4747: /* Hazelnut in Motion */

2023-08-09T21:31:27Z

Hazelnut in Motion

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:31, 9 August 2023
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	<Blockquote>... Our model identifies specific locations within Bears Ears that will require special management regimes, especially in light of increased visitation and the proposed development or expansion of resource extraction activities in the recently downsized national monument. Those special regimes should be cross-cultural, developed with tribal input, to emphasize the conservation and restoration of archaeo-ecosystems that contain “high priority” plant species, especially those held sacred as lifeway medicines. It is likely that such rare or uncommon species indicate ancient habitation or cultivation and provide insight into human subsistence behaviors. These plant populations should be documented in detail, monitored and targeted for special actions (e.g., visitation restrictions, improved footpaths, limited grazing, interpretive signage, and designated tour guides) that ensure their remarkable persistence. Formally embedding traditional ecological knowledge into land management decisions would improve federal stewardship and promote the longstanding linkages between Indigenous people and their ancestral lands.<Ref name = "Pavlik"></Ref></Blockquote>		<Blockquote>... Our model identifies specific locations within Bears Ears that will require special management regimes, especially in light of increased visitation and the proposed development or expansion of resource extraction activities in the recently downsized national monument. Those special regimes should be cross-cultural, developed with tribal input, to emphasize the conservation and restoration of archaeo-ecosystems that contain “high priority” plant species, especially those held sacred as lifeway medicines. It is likely that such rare or uncommon species indicate ancient habitation or cultivation and provide insight into human subsistence behaviors. These plant populations should be documented in detail, monitored and targeted for special actions (e.g., visitation restrictions, improved footpaths, limited grazing, interpretive signage, and designated tour guides) that ensure their remarkable persistence. Formally embedding traditional ecological knowledge into land management decisions would improve federal stewardship and promote the longstanding linkages between Indigenous people and their ancestral lands.<Ref name = "Pavlik"></Ref></Blockquote>

	~~== Hazelnut in Motion ==~~
	<Blockquote>There is a fleeting ethnographic record of hazelnut in so-called British Columbia, however shell fragments can be found archaeologically throughout the province. '''Linguistic evidence also supports the hypothesis that long distance transplanting of hazelnut, from the Salish region to the Ts'msyen, Gitxsan and Wet'suwet’en regions resulted in ecologically disjunct populations (e.g., in Hazelton BC, hence the name).''' Hazelnut was traditionally managed by fire and has numerous uses for people including for food (nut), for fuel (oily shells), it was an important medicine, the root produced an intense blue dye, and young switches were used for weaving and construction. ...<Ref>https://www.chelseygeralda.com/traditional-hazelnut-management</Ref></Blockquote>


	<Blockquote>Beaked hazelnut and the closely related American hazelnut (C. americana Walt.) are valued as food and medicinal plants for Indigenous peoples across North America and were used by Algonquin, Cree, Mi’kmaq, and Maliseet peoples, and by many groups of British Columbia, including Straits Salish, Halq’eméylem, Squamish, and Nuu-chah-nulth on the Coast, and Nlaka’pamux, Stl’atl’imx (Lillooet), Syilx (Okanagan-Colville), Secwepemc (Shuswap), Ktunaxa (Kootenay) in the BC Interior, and the Nisga’a and Gitxsan in the north, as well as by virtually all Indigenous peoples of Western Washington.<Ref name = "Armstrong"></Ref></Blockquote>

	~~Residential schools and ongoing colonialism have disrupted and in some cases erased deep place-based agriculture practices and for hazelnut the same is true.<Ref name = "Armstrong"></Ref>~~

	~~=== Squirrels ===~~
	Squirrels depending on the nation are considered 'pesky' or 'helpful.' During interviews for a study<Ref>https://www.chelseygeralda.com/traditional-hazelnut-management</Ref> one of the interviewees, Elder Wal’ceckwu (Marion Dixon) from the Nlaka’pamux Nation, explained:

	<Blockquote>...to get them away you pick a whole bunch, the left-overs from last year that are not in the wrappers [involucres] anymore. We take them and we a dig a little trench far away from the trees where we had our bushes and then, we put them over there so the squirrels are all busy over there while we’re [picking]...<Ref name = "Armstrong"></Ref></Blockquote>

	~~This practice is a clear example of [[Traditional Ecological Knowledge]] through observation a symbiotic solution to squirrels taking hazelnuts is created and deployed.~~

	~~Other nations view the squirrels as helpers:~~

	~~<Blockquote>In northern BC, some Gitxsan people had their own means for dealing with squirrels. Sim’oogit (Chief) T’enim Gyet (Art Matthews) remembers: <br><br>~~

	~~"...the squirrels help us…we don’t pick [the hazelnut], we cheat. We wait for the squirrels to clean and cache them so we don’t have to."<Ref name = "Armstrong"></Ref></Blockquote>~~


	~~=== Hazelnut Benefits ===~~
	<Blockquote>Hazelnuts are a high source of protein and are rich in unsaturated fats. They are a significant source of thiamine and vitamin B6 and other B vitamins. They can be eaten raw and stored for years without spoiling. Like Marion, Gitxsan Elders in northern BC remember hazelnut as a Christmas food, no doubt because nuts would keep for months when fresh food was scarce. Nuts were collected en masse and either left to dry as is (involucres can rot off the shells without turning the nut) or de-husked and processed all at once. Wintu people in California used willow switches to beat the involucres off the kernel. Marion recalls the hard work involved in collecting and processing nuts: <br><br>

	"When they’re ready, we pick a whole bunch of them and we’d put them in a basket or a box or whatever we had. And we get them dry. And we would sit there for days, and days, and days, cause we used to have bags and boxes and baskets of them, and then one day when its raining or snowing outside, I had my own little hammer and I’d sit there and break them, pick shells off them, and put them in the thing [a storage basket] and then my grandmother would prepare them… but it took days and days and days to pick them, never mind opening them and days and days to preserve them [when made into an oil], but then we could use them as we want to."<Ref name = "Armstrong"></Ref></Blockquote>

	== Lasting Legacy of Indigenous Forest Management ==		== Lasting Legacy of Indigenous Forest Management ==