Mycelium - Revision history

TH: /* Mycopesticides */

2023-09-05T22:53:13Z

Mycopesticides

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:53, 5 September 2023
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	Mycelium has the potential to replace traditional chemical pesticides, which cause great harm to the environment. Chemical pesticides, while killing the target insect, also harm non-targeted organisms, pollute water, and impair human health.<Ref>Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running, Page 116</Ref><Ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749120362692</Ref> Since the 1990's there have been several patents issued pertaining to fungi as a pesticide, but more research is still needed, because many insects such as carpenter ants have safeguards in place to prevent other ants from entering the colony if they are covered in mushroom spores. <br><br> Genus of fungi/mycelium that have garnered attention include Metarhizium, a green mold fungus highly prevalent in soils, Beauveria, and some species in the genus Paecilomyces.<ref>Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running, Page 117</Ref> Paul Stamets recieved a patent on December 9, 2003, for his breakthrough research of presporulating fungi, which attracts and kills Formosan termites (Coptotermes formosanus), eastern subterranean termites (Reticulitermes flavipes), and carpenter ants (Camponotus species). On October 17, 2006 he was awarded a second patent for controlling all social insects, which are estimated to be nearly 200,000 species.<Ref>Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running, Page 122</Ref>		Mycelium has the potential to replace traditional chemical pesticides, which cause great harm to the environment. Chemical pesticides, while killing the target insect, also harm non-targeted organisms, pollute water, and impair human health.<Ref>Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running, Page 116</Ref><Ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749120362692</Ref> Since the 1990's there have been several patents issued pertaining to fungi as a pesticide, but more research is still needed, because many insects such as carpenter ants have safeguards in place to prevent other ants from entering the colony if they are covered in mushroom spores. <br><br> Genus of fungi/mycelium that have garnered attention include Metarhizium, a green mold fungus highly prevalent in soils, Beauveria, and some species in the genus Paecilomyces.<ref>Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running, Page 117</Ref> Paul Stamets recieved a patent on December 9, 2003, for his breakthrough research of presporulating fungi, which attracts and kills Formosan termites (Coptotermes formosanus), eastern subterranean termites (Reticulitermes flavipes), and carpenter ants (Camponotus species). On October 17, 2006 he was awarded a second patent for controlling all social insects, which are estimated to be nearly 200,000 species.<Ref>Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running, Page 122</Ref>

	A 2009 study catalyzed by the danger of evolving insecticide resistance in mosquitos investigated the value of the fungi Beauveria bassiana as a mycopesticide:		A 2009 study catalyzed by the danger of evolving insecticide resistance in malaria-transmitting mosquitos investigated the value of the fungi Beauveria bassiana as a mycopesticide:

	<blockquote>Four different mosquito strains with high resistance levels against pyrethroids, organochlorines, or carbamates were equally susceptible to B. bassiana infection as their baseline counterparts, showing significantly reduced mosquito survival. Moreover, fungal infection reduced the expression of resistance to the key public health insecticides permethrin and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. Mosquitoes preinfected with B. bassiana or Metarhizium anisopliae showed a significant increase in mortality after insecticide exposure compared with uninfected control mosquitoes. Our results show a high potential utility of fungal biopesticides for complementing existing vector control measures and provide products for use in resistance management strategies.<ref>https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0908530106</ref></blockquote>		<blockquote>Four different mosquito strains with high resistance levels against pyrethroids, organochlorines, or carbamates were equally susceptible to B. bassiana infection as their baseline counterparts, showing significantly reduced mosquito survival. Moreover, fungal infection reduced the expression of resistance to the key public health insecticides permethrin and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. Mosquitoes preinfected with B. bassiana or Metarhizium anisopliae showed a significant increase in mortality after insecticide exposure compared with uninfected control mosquitoes. Our results show a high potential utility of fungal biopesticides for complementing existing vector control measures and provide products for use in resistance management strategies.<ref>https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0908530106</ref></blockquote>

TH: /* Mycopesticides */

2023-09-05T22:52:54Z

Mycopesticides

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:52, 5 September 2023
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	[[File:AntMummy.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Credit: Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running, pg 117]]		[[File:AntMummy.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Credit: Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running, pg 117]]
	Mycelium has the potential to replace traditional chemical pesticides, which cause great harm to the environment. Chemical pesticides, while killing the target insect, also harm non-targeted organisms, pollute water, and impair human health.<Ref>Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running, Page 116</Ref><Ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749120362692</Ref> Since the 1990's there have been several patents issued pertaining to fungi as a pesticide, but more research is still needed, because many insects such as carpenter ants have safeguards in place to prevent other ants from entering the colony if they are covered in mushroom spores. <br><br> Genus of fungi/mycelium that have garnered attention include Metarhizium, a green mold fungus highly prevalent in soils, Beauveria, and some species in the genus Paecilomyces.<ref>Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running, Page 117</Ref> Paul Stamets recieved a patent on December 9, 2003, for his breakthrough research of presporulating fungi, which attracts and kills Formosan termites (Coptotermes formosanus), eastern subterranean termites (Reticulitermes flavipes), and carpenter ants (Camponotus species). On October 17, 2006 he was awarded a second patent for controlling all social insects, which are estimated to be nearly 200,000 species.<Ref>Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running, Page 122</Ref>		Mycelium has the potential to replace traditional chemical pesticides, which cause great harm to the environment. Chemical pesticides, while killing the target insect, also harm non-targeted organisms, pollute water, and impair human health.<Ref>Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running, Page 116</Ref><Ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749120362692</Ref> Since the 1990's there have been several patents issued pertaining to fungi as a pesticide, but more research is still needed, because many insects such as carpenter ants have safeguards in place to prevent other ants from entering the colony if they are covered in mushroom spores. <br><br> Genus of fungi/mycelium that have garnered attention include Metarhizium, a green mold fungus highly prevalent in soils, Beauveria, and some species in the genus Paecilomyces.<ref>Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running, Page 117</Ref> Paul Stamets recieved a patent on December 9, 2003, for his breakthrough research of presporulating fungi, which attracts and kills Formosan termites (Coptotermes formosanus), eastern subterranean termites (Reticulitermes flavipes), and carpenter ants (Camponotus species). On October 17, 2006 he was awarded a second patent for controlling all social insects, which are estimated to be nearly 200,000 species.<Ref>Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running, Page 122</Ref>

			A 2009 study catalyzed by the danger of evolving insecticide resistance in mosquitos investigated the value of the fungi Beauveria bassiana as a mycopesticide:

			<blockquote>Four different mosquito strains with high resistance levels against pyrethroids, organochlorines, or carbamates were equally susceptible to B. bassiana infection as their baseline counterparts, showing significantly reduced mosquito survival. Moreover, fungal infection reduced the expression of resistance to the key public health insecticides permethrin and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. Mosquitoes preinfected with B. bassiana or Metarhizium anisopliae showed a significant increase in mortality after insecticide exposure compared with uninfected control mosquitoes. Our results show a high potential utility of fungal biopesticides for complementing existing vector control measures and provide products for use in resistance management strategies.<ref>https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0908530106</ref></blockquote>

	== No Till Farming ==		== No Till Farming ==

TH: /* The Mycelial archetype */

2023-08-29T00:28:34Z

The Mycelial archetype

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:28, 29 August 2023
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	== The Mycelial archetype ==		== The Mycelial archetype ==
	[[File:MyceliumArchetype.jpg\|\|thumb\|right\|Mycelium compared to the universe demonstrating the Mycelium Archetype. Credit:Paul Stamets]]		[[File:MyceliumArchetype.jpg\|\|thumb\|right\|Mycelium compared to the universe demonstrating the Mycelium Archetype. Credit:Paul Stamets]]
	Structures similar to ~~Mycelium~~ can be seen throughout Mother Earth and the universe. Some structures resembling Mycelial networks include patterns of hurricanes, dark matter and the internet, further Mycelial networks resemble patterns predicted by string theory. <Ref> Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running, Page 9</Ref>		Structures similar to mycelium can be seen throughout [[Mother Earth]] and the universe. Some structures resembling Mycelial networks include patterns of hurricanes, dark matter and the internet, further Mycelial networks resemble patterns predicted by string theory. <Ref> Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running, Page 9</Ref>

	= Mycelium and the Environment =		= Mycelium and the Environment =

TH: /* Climate Adaptation */

2023-08-28T21:06:05Z

Climate Adaptation

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:06, 28 August 2023
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	In 2019, the €3 million LIFE MycoRestore research project was launched to study the "Innovative use of mycological resources for resilient & productive Mediterranean forests threatened by climate change." Receiving the majority of its funding from the [[European Union]],		In 2019, the €3 million LIFE MycoRestore research project was launched to study the "Innovative use of mycological resources for resilient & productive Mediterranean forests threatened by climate change." Receiving the majority of its funding from the [[European Union]],

	<blockquote>LIFE MycoRestore seeks to utilize diverse mycological resources and forest management practices to contribute to the biological resilience of Mediterranean forests. It also aims at generating new income sources and ensuring the stability of forest ecosystem services while addressing the effects of climate change. The projects main objectives are to:		<blockquote>LIFE MycoRestore seeks to utilize diverse mycological resources and forest management practices to contribute to the biological resilience of [[Mediterranean forests]]. It also aims at generating new income sources and ensuring the stability of forest ecosystem services while addressing the effects of [[climate change]]. The projects main objectives are to:

	Demonstrate sustainable mycological and forestry management practices to increase forest resistance to fires and drought (MycoForestry);		* Demonstrate sustainable mycological and forestry management practices to increase forest resistance to fires and drought (MycoForestry);
	~~Promote green jobs in rural economies based on wood processing and innovative high-value mushroom products.~~

	The project will demonstrate a circular economy approach to mushroom and substrate production supply chains (MycoEconomy) and provide proof of concept on the use of natural myco-control products and native fungal species for reduced pest/pathogen presence in forests (MycoControl).<ref>https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/metadata/projects/innovative-use-of-mycological-resources-for-resilient-productive-mediterranean-forests-threatened-by-climate-change</ref></blockquote>		* Promote green jobs in rural economies based on wood processing and innovative high-value mushroom products.

			The project will demonstrate a [[circular economy]] approach to mushroom and substrate production supply chains ([[MycoEconomy]]) and provide proof of concept on the use of natural myco-control products and native fungal species for reduced pest/pathogen presence in forests ([[MycoControl]]).<ref>https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/metadata/projects/innovative-use-of-mycological-resources-for-resilient-productive-mediterranean-forests-threatened-by-climate-change</ref></blockquote>

	== Mycoremediation ==		== Mycoremediation ==

TH: /* Mycoforestry */

2023-08-28T21:04:25Z

Mycoforestry

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 Do fungi have a role as soil stabilizers and remediators after forest fire?, Forest Ecology and Management, Volume 257, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 1063-1069, ISSN 0378-1127,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.11.011.</Ref> The timber industry poses a serious risk to old growth forests and other forests in general: <blockquote>With each generation of trees we cut, soils increasingly shallow and we further jeopardize the health of forests. The richness and depth of soil is our legacy from centuries of mycelial activity. And with each harvesting and replanting, the soil loses nutrients and gradually becomes overtaxed, no longer able to support the growth of healthy trees. Trees prematurely climax, falling over as the root wads can't hold the trees upright. Current "sustainable" logging practices strive to balance the impact of over harvesting with ecological restoration, potentially irreconcilable objectives. The bottom line is that we need to focus on carbon cycles and raise the nutritional plateau in timberlands by accelerating decomposition of wood debris and restarting plant cycles.<Ref>Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running, Page 72</Ref></blockquote>
 When forests are clear cut the mycorrhizal fungal communities die back and decomposition of the left over debris slows down, which in turn hinders habitat recovery. Making clear cut debris fields more mycelial friendly helps speed up and balance the decomposition cycle; Making the fields more mycelial friendly involves bringing saprophytic and other fungi into close contact with the debris. The size of forest debris affects the inoculation rate of mycelium, Paul Stamets suggests: <blockquote>... creating a matrix by chipping wood into variably sized fragments in order to let mycelium quickly grab and invade the wood. Wood fragments with greater surface areas are more likely to have contact with spores or mycelium; this is especially true in the cultivation of mushrooms, where spawn growth is integral to success. The fungal recycling of wood chips lessens reliance on fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. So leaving the chips in the woods helps recovering forest soils just like leaving stubble on farmed land helps agricultural soil.<Ref>Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running, Page 73</Ref></blockquote>
 == Mycoremediation ==

TH: /* MycoAgriculture */

2023-08-28T20:37:52Z

MycoAgriculture

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:37, 28 August 2023
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	Professor Katie Field, Professor of Plant-Soil Processes at the University of Sheffield and co-author of the study, said:		Professor Katie Field, Professor of Plant-Soil Processes at the University of Sheffield and co-author of the study, said:
	<blockquote>“[[Mycorrhizal fungi]] represent a blind spot in carbon modelling, conservation, and restoration - the numbers we’ve uncovered are jaw-dropping, and when we’re thinking about solutions for climate we should also be thinking about what we can harness that exists already.<ref>https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/991288</ref></blockquote>		<blockquote>“[[Mycorrhizal fungi]] represent a blind spot in carbon modelling, conservation, and restoration - the numbers we’ve uncovered are jaw-dropping, and when we’re thinking about solutions for climate we should also be thinking about what we can harness that exists already.<ref>https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/991288</ref></blockquote>

			== Soil Bacteria ==

			In 2017, a Nature Communications study reported that Mycelium-mediated transfer of water and nutrients stimulates bacterial activity in dry and low-nutrient environments:

			"Fungal–bacterial interactions are highly diverse and contribute to many ecosystem processes... Our study provides direct experimental evidence for the stimulation of bacterial activity by mycelial supply of scarce resources in dry and nutrient-free environments. We propose that mycelia may stimulate bacterial activity and thus contribute to sustaining ecosystem functioning in stressed habitats."<ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms15472</ref>

	= Mycorestoration =		= Mycorestoration =

Florez4747 at 18:58, 9 August 2023

2023-08-09T18:58:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:58, 9 August 2023
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	"The Organic Internet of a Mycelium Network: Suzanne Simard, Paul Stamets, and Terence Mackenna" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rGyECGJqWDU)		"The Organic Internet of a Mycelium Network: Suzanne Simard, Paul Stamets, and Terence Mackenna" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rGyECGJqWDU)



			= Related =
			[[Glomalin]]
	= Cited =		= Cited =

Florez4747: /* MycoAgriculture */

2023-07-29T22:28:33Z

MycoAgriculture

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:28, 29 July 2023
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	= MycoAgriculture =		= MycoAgriculture =
	Mycelium can enhance food crop production in virtually all [[agroecology]] endeavors. Working with the proper fungal species based upon native soil ecologies and specific plant-fungal pairings should be handled with care to ensure the correct symbiotic relationship is established with the mycelium, food crops, and other wildlife/soil microbes.<Ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/ismej2014207</Ref>		Mycelium can enhance food crop production in virtually all [[agroecology]] endeavors. Working with the proper fungal species based upon native soil ecologies and specific plant-fungal pairings should be handled with care to ensure the correct symbiotic relationship is established with the mycelium, food crops, and other wildlife/soil microbes.<Ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/ismej2014207</Ref>


			Mycorrhizal symbioses is a powerful tool to be employed in agroecological settings. [[Mycelium]] is highly efficient in facilitating plan nutrient uptake, water distribution and overall crop production.<Ref>Smith, S.E.; Read, D.J. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, 2nd ed.; Academic Press: London, UK, 1997; ISBN 9780080559346.</Ref><Ref>Van der Heijden, M.G.A.; Klironomos, J.N.; Ursic, M.M.; Moutoglis, P.; Streitwolf-Engel, R.; Boller, T.; Wiemken, A.; Sanders, I.R. Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 1998, 396, 69–72.</Ref> [[Mycelium]] is able to increase Phosphorus and Nitrogen uptake and use efficiency,<Ref>Hill, J.O.; Simpson, R.J.; Ryan, M.H.; Chapman, D.F. Root hair morphology and mycorrhizal colonisation of pasture species in response to phosphorus and nitrogen nutrition. Crop. Past Sci. 2010, 61, 122–131.</Ref><Ref>Trinchera, A.; Testani, E.; Ciaccia, C.Q.; Campanelli, G.; Leteo, F.; Canali, S. Effects induced by living mulch on rhizosphere interactions in organic artichoke: The cultivar’s adaptive strategy. Renew. Agr. Food Syst. 2016, 32, 214–223.</Ref> which is vital in the transition away from [[Industrial Agriculture]] and artificial fertilizers. [[Mycelium]] can also help plants adapt to bioitic and abiotic stressors- increasing overall crop quality.<Ref>Miceli, A.; Romano, C.; Moncada, A.; Piazza, G.; Torta, L.; D’Anna, F.; Vetrano, F. Yield and quality of mini-watermelon as affected by grafting and mycorrhizal inoculum. J. Agr. Sci. Tech. 2016, 18, 505–516.</Ref><Ref>Salvioli, A.; Novero, M.; Lacourt, I.; Bonfante, P. The Impact of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis on Tomato Fruit Quality. In Proceedings of the 16th IFOAM Organic World Congress, Modena, Italy, 16–20 June 2008</Ref>

	== Carbon Farming ==		== Carbon Farming ==

Florez4747: /* Building Materials */

2023-07-29T20:37:29Z

Building Materials

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:37, 29 July 2023
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	= Building Materials =		= Building Materials =
	~~Myeclium~~ has the potential to replace many building materials, but the efficacy largely depends on the type of mycelium used and the substrate the mycelium is growing on. Some studies have shown that mycelium grown on Hemp Shives has the potential to be used as building materials.<Ref>Zimele, Z., Irbe, I., Grinins, J., Bikovens, O., Verovkins, A. et al. (2020). Novel Mycelium-Based Biocomposites (MBB) as Building Materials. Journal of Renewable Materials, 8(9), 1067–1076.</Ref>		Mycelium has the potential to replace many building materials, but the efficacy largely depends on the type of mycelium used and the substrate the mycelium is growing on. Some studies have shown that mycelium grown on Hemp Shives has the potential to be used as building materials.<Ref>Zimele, Z., Irbe, I., Grinins, J., Bikovens, O., Verovkins, A. et al. (2020). Novel Mycelium-Based Biocomposites (MBB) as Building Materials. Journal of Renewable Materials, 8(9), 1067–1076.</Ref>

			== Mycelium Bricks ==
			https://www.certifiedenergy.com.au/emerging-materials/emerging-materials-mycelium-brick

	= MycoAgriculture =		= MycoAgriculture =

Florez4747: /* Building Materials */

2023-07-29T20:20:37Z

Building Materials

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:20, 29 July 2023
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	= Building Materials =		= Building Materials =
			Myeclium has the potential to replace many building materials, but the efficacy largely depends on the type of mycelium used and the substrate the mycelium is growing on. Some studies have shown that mycelium grown on Hemp Shives has the potential to be used as building materials.<Ref>Zimele, Z., Irbe, I., Grinins, J., Bikovens, O., Verovkins, A. et al. (2020). Novel Mycelium-Based Biocomposites (MBB) as Building Materials. Journal of Renewable Materials, 8(9), 1067–1076.</Ref>

	= MycoAgriculture =		= MycoAgriculture =