Red Meat Republic - Revision history

TH at 18:31, 3 September 2023

2023-09-03T18:31:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:31, 3 September 2023
Line 14:		Line 14:
	The mythology of the frontier and individualism helped cultivate a narrative about "civilizing" "untamed" land and people (Indigenous Persons) and through this mythology mass genocidal violence, displacement, and theft of land was justified in part due to cattle ranchers and the land they needed to raise cattle. Cattle ranchers would play a vital role in the expansion of the american empire into the Midwest prairies and further west past the Rocky Mountains.		The mythology of the frontier and individualism helped cultivate a narrative about "civilizing" "untamed" land and people (Indigenous Persons) and through this mythology mass genocidal violence, displacement, and theft of land was justified in part due to cattle ranchers and the land they needed to raise cattle. Cattle ranchers would play a vital role in the expansion of the american empire into the Midwest prairies and further west past the Rocky Mountains.

	"The tale of ranchers taming the West fits neatly into this larger narrative, as the "cowboy and Indian" trope in film, music, and literature attests. Advertisements and promotional material for the ~~been~~ industry still trade on this imagery, whether through expansive images of western plains or stylized depictions of cowboys and the old West."<Ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvc77mqs</Ref>		"The tale of ranchers taming the West fits neatly into this larger narrative, as the "cowboy and Indian" trope in film, music, and literature attests. Advertisements and promotional material for the beef industry still trade on this imagery, whether through expansive images of western plains or stylized depictions of cowboys and the old West."<Ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvc77mqs</Ref>

Florez4747: /* Leasing of Indigenous Land for Grazing */

2023-04-24T23:15:22Z

Leasing of Indigenous Land for Grazing

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:15, 24 April 2023
Line 139:		Line 139:
	... Lurking behind government approval for leases was the belief that reservations were too large. This view came from ranchers, bureaucrats, and the general public. '''Joseph Nimmo captured this view most clearly when he observed that since "the buffalo has been drive off, a nomadic mode of life within that region is no longer possible; therefore reservations far beyond the needs of the Indians are to them a curse rather a blessing.''' This assumption had enabled the kind of paternalist policies that led to favorable leasing agreements and lucrative contracts...<Ref>		... Lurking behind government approval for leases was the belief that reservations were too large. This view came from ranchers, bureaucrats, and the general public. '''Joseph Nimmo captured this view most clearly when he observed that since "the buffalo has been drive off, a nomadic mode of life within that region is no longer possible; therefore reservations far beyond the needs of the Indians are to them a curse rather a blessing.''' This assumption had enabled the kind of paternalist policies that led to favorable leasing agreements and lucrative contracts...<Ref>
	SPECHT, J. (2019). Red Meat Republic: A Hoof-to-Table History of How Beef Changed America. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77mqs ; Page,56</Ref></Blockquote>		SPECHT, J. (2019). Red Meat Republic: A Hoof-to-Table History of How Beef Changed America. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77mqs ; Page,56</Ref></Blockquote>


			Leasing of Indigenous land for cattle grazing still occurs in the status quo. One example being the Santee Sioux Reservation, which has multiple cattle ranches surrounding the reservation. One of the ranches has contaminated the reservations water due to the runoff of animal waste into water sources.

	= Sources =		= Sources =

Florez4747: /* Leasing of Indigenous Land for Grazing */

2023-04-24T23:12:52Z

Leasing of Indigenous Land for Grazing

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:12, 24 April 2023
Line 135:		Line 135:

	=== Leasing of Indigenous Land for Grazing ===		=== Leasing of Indigenous Land for Grazing ===
			<Blockquote>Leasing agreements, like lucrative government contracts, were the principal way in which ranchers benefited from the reservation system. In the case of leases, the Cherokee and other nations may have received payment, but it was almost certainly less than if a fairer property regime had existed. Similarly, '''these agreements made for vast tracts of land in which large ranching corporations crowded out small-scale Indian ranchers, further limiting their subsistence options'''. <br><br>

			... Lurking behind government approval for leases was the belief that reservations were too large. This view came from ranchers, bureaucrats, and the general public. '''Joseph Nimmo captured this view most clearly when he observed that since "the buffalo has been drive off, a nomadic mode of life within that region is no longer possible; therefore reservations far beyond the needs of the Indians are to them a curse rather a blessing.''' This assumption had enabled the kind of paternalist policies that led to favorable leasing agreements and lucrative contracts...<Ref>
			SPECHT, J. (2019). Red Meat Republic: A Hoof-to-Table History of How Beef Changed America. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77mqs ; Page,56</Ref></Blockquote>

	= Sources =		= Sources =

Florez4747: /* Leasing of Indigenous Land for Grazing */

2023-04-24T22:21:32Z

Leasing of Indigenous Land for Grazing

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:21, 24 April 2023
Line 134:		Line 134:
	SPECHT, J. (2019). Red Meat Republic: A Hoof-to-Table History of How Beef Changed America. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77mqs; Page, 51</Ref></Blockquote>		SPECHT, J. (2019). Red Meat Republic: A Hoof-to-Table History of How Beef Changed America. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77mqs; Page, 51</Ref></Blockquote>

	== Leasing of Indigenous Land for Grazing ==		=== Leasing of Indigenous Land for Grazing ===

	= Sources =		= Sources =

Florez4747: /* Chapter one: War */

2023-04-24T19:01:33Z

Chapter one: War

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:01, 24 April 2023
Line 133:		Line 133:
	<Blockquote>Illegal grazing was common across the West. According to most treaty terms, it fell to the US government to protect property rights on the reservation, and any attempt on the part of tribal government to forcibly enforce these rights risked military intervention. '''But government officials showed little interest in enforcing such property rights.''' ... At the [[Rosebud Reservation]] on the northern Plains, there were so many trespassing cattle -- as many as 2,500 -- that residents used grass fires to try to prevent illegal grazing.<Ref>		<Blockquote>Illegal grazing was common across the West. According to most treaty terms, it fell to the US government to protect property rights on the reservation, and any attempt on the part of tribal government to forcibly enforce these rights risked military intervention. '''But government officials showed little interest in enforcing such property rights.''' ... At the [[Rosebud Reservation]] on the northern Plains, there were so many trespassing cattle -- as many as 2,500 -- that residents used grass fires to try to prevent illegal grazing.<Ref>
	SPECHT, J. (2019). Red Meat Republic: A Hoof-to-Table History of How Beef Changed America. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77mqs; Page, 51</Ref></Blockquote>		SPECHT, J. (2019). Red Meat Republic: A Hoof-to-Table History of How Beef Changed America. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77mqs; Page, 51</Ref></Blockquote>

			== Leasing of Indigenous Land for Grazing ==

	= Sources =		= Sources =

Florez4747: /* Illegal Cattle Grazing */

2023-04-24T18:56:34Z

Illegal Cattle Grazing

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:56, 24 April 2023
Line 131:		Line 131:

	== Illegal Cattle Grazing ==		== Illegal Cattle Grazing ==
			<Blockquote>Illegal grazing was common across the West. According to most treaty terms, it fell to the US government to protect property rights on the reservation, and any attempt on the part of tribal government to forcibly enforce these rights risked military intervention. '''But government officials showed little interest in enforcing such property rights.''' ... At the [[Rosebud Reservation]] on the northern Plains, there were so many trespassing cattle -- as many as 2,500 -- that residents used grass fires to try to prevent illegal grazing.<Ref>
			SPECHT, J. (2019). Red Meat Republic: A Hoof-to-Table History of How Beef Changed America. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77mqs; Page, 51</Ref></Blockquote>

	= Sources =		= Sources =

Florez4747: /* Cattle Ranchers and the US Military */

2023-04-24T18:51:50Z

Cattle Ranchers and the US Military

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:51, 24 April 2023
Line 129:		Line 129:
	=== Cows as Mobile Colonizers ===		=== Cows as Mobile Colonizers ===
	"Armed with the military's sympathy, a relatively small number of cattle owners could control large swaths of land. For if their cattle remained property as far as they wandered, the '''cattle could act as mobile colonizers, turning disputed land into valuable beef and threats to their grazing-real and alleged- into an acceptable pretext for military intervention.'''"<Ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvc77mqs ; Page, 35</Ref>		"Armed with the military's sympathy, a relatively small number of cattle owners could control large swaths of land. For if their cattle remained property as far as they wandered, the '''cattle could act as mobile colonizers, turning disputed land into valuable beef and threats to their grazing-real and alleged- into an acceptable pretext for military intervention.'''"<Ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvc77mqs ; Page, 35</Ref>

			== Illegal Cattle Grazing ==

	= Sources =		= Sources =

Florez4747: /* Origin of Commodities */

2023-04-24T18:45:14Z

Origin of Commodities

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:45, 24 April 2023
Line 109:		Line 109:
	<Blockquote>... After the end of the Indian Wars of the 1870s, the spectacle of the beef ration became a major way that readers and western tourists made sense of interaction between whites and American Indians. ... This contributed to a narrative of Indian cultural failure underpinning their social and economic collapse -- rather than violence and land dispossession.<Ref>		<Blockquote>... After the end of the Indian Wars of the 1870s, the spectacle of the beef ration became a major way that readers and western tourists made sense of interaction between whites and American Indians. ... This contributed to a narrative of Indian cultural failure underpinning their social and economic collapse -- rather than violence and land dispossession.<Ref>
	SPECHT, J. (2019). Red Meat Republic: A Hoof-to-Table History of How Beef Changed America. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77mqs ; Page, 46</Ref></Blockquote>		SPECHT, J. (2019). Red Meat Republic: A Hoof-to-Table History of How Beef Changed America. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77mqs ; Page, 46</Ref></Blockquote>

			==== Government Contracts ====
			<Blockquote>American cattle ranchers secured lucrative government contracts to supply reservations with beef. These contracts provided good rates for the entire supply period (often six months or a year), safeguarding ranchers against short-term fluctuations in cattle prices. Further, these contracts were often more profitable than direct sale in Chicago markets. ... '''ranchers used these contracts as outlets for their lowest quality cattle ... These contracts were at times an outlet for diseased or rejected cattle.'''<Ref>
			SPECHT, J. (2019). Red Meat Republic: A Hoof-to-Table History of How Beef Changed America. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77mqs ; Page, 49</Ref></Blockquote>

	== Cattle Ranchers and the US Military ==		== Cattle Ranchers and the US Military ==

Florez4747: /* Cattle-Beef Complex */

2023-04-24T18:37:46Z

Cattle-Beef Complex

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:37, 24 April 2023
Line 23:		Line 23:
	= Cattle-Beef Complex =		= Cattle-Beef Complex =
	<Blockquote>... Western ranching was about scattering cattle far and wide on marginal land, and this required remaking the Great Plains as an ecosystem as well as a political space... I argue that the '''cattle-beef complex depended on land expropriation through both deliberate government policy and independent rancher effort. This expropriation was part of a wrenching process of transforming the Great Plains ecosystem from a grass-bison-nomad system to a grass-cattle-rancher one. The violence of Indian War-- Romanticized and re-imagined as the against-all-odds struggles of early ranchers-- created the cattle-beef complex's foundational myths.'''<Ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvc77mqs</Ref></Blockquote>		<Blockquote>... Western ranching was about scattering cattle far and wide on marginal land, and this required remaking the Great Plains as an ecosystem as well as a political space... I argue that the '''cattle-beef complex depended on land expropriation through both deliberate government policy and independent rancher effort. This expropriation was part of a wrenching process of transforming the Great Plains ecosystem from a grass-bison-nomad system to a grass-cattle-rancher one. The violence of Indian War-- Romanticized and re-imagined as the against-all-odds struggles of early ranchers-- created the cattle-beef complex's foundational myths.'''<Ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvc77mqs</Ref></Blockquote>

			The violently imposed reservation system was integral to the [[Cattle-Beef Complex]] and benefited cattle ranchers: "(1) by providing a favorable market for cattle, and (2) by creating circumstances that allowed for the low-cost leasing and later purchase of Indian lands for grazing."<Ref>
			SPECHT, J. (2019). Red Meat Republic: A Hoof-to-Table History of How Beef Changed America. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77mqs ; Page, 48.</Ref>

	= Cattle and Bison-Bio-mimicry =		= Cattle and Bison-Bio-mimicry =

Florez4747: /* Horses */

2023-04-24T18:25:22Z

Horses

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:25, 24 April 2023
Line 88:		Line 88:

	== Horses ==		== Horses ==
			After many Indigenous Nations were violently forced onto reservations the US government would debate if these Nations should be encouraged to farm or ranch. Discussions were undertaken by white men in government without any consultation or input by the Nations in question. The debates had material consequences for the Nations. One example is when a Comanche man, Otterbelt, had 19 horses stolen from him by white settlers. In a document written by Agency Superintendent William Nicholoson,
			<Blockquote>... he decided that the case could be used as "a means of teaching the Indians" Though Otterbelt could be compensated in money, or perhaps replacement horses, the superintendent recommended providing restitution in the form of cattle, because ranching "should be encouraged to the utmost extent. It is the readiest way to their self support and cattle are far less liable to be stolen than ponies." Otterbelt's desires are not even noted. ... the resolution of Otterbelt's claim is a small example of the effect of the pervasive mind-set that Indian affairs should be manged in the "interests" of Indians.<Ref>
			SPECHT, J. (2019). Red Meat Republic: A Hoof-to-Table History of How Beef Changed America. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77mqs ; Page, 48</Ref></Blockquote>

	== Bison ==		== Bison ==