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<Blockquote>... Contemporary antiracist activists in Atlanta, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and New York view "transit racism" as a major factor skewing opportunities and life chances along racial lines. Public transportation vehicles are not more segregated than neighborhoods, jobs, or schools, but in a society where race is coterminous with space, transit vehicles are sites where segregated worlds collide. Transit racism channels subsidies to mostly white suburban commuters while making commuting difficult for people of color. Blacks and Latinos make up 62 percent of urban bus riders and 35 percent of subway riders. They are twice as likely as whites to get to work by riding public transit, walking, or biking. Overfunding of highways and underfunding of nonautomotive means of transportation result in public transit commutes taking twice as long as travel by car. Inadequate public transportation, residential segregation, and automobile-centered development also endanger Black lives.<Ref>Ruth Thompson-Miller, How Racism Takes Place By George Lipsitz Temple University Press. 2008. 310 pages. $27.95, Social Forces, Volume 93, Issue 4, June 2015, Page e119, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sot021</Ref></Blockquote> | |||
== New Orleans == | == New Orleans == | ||
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== Houston == | == Houston == | ||
== Los Angeles == | == Los Angeles == | ||
= Indigenous Roadways = | = Indigenous Roadways = | ||
Revision as of 23:32, 25 February 2023
Racism
... Contemporary antiracist activists in Atlanta, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and New York view "transit racism" as a major factor skewing opportunities and life chances along racial lines. Public transportation vehicles are not more segregated than neighborhoods, jobs, or schools, but in a society where race is coterminous with space, transit vehicles are sites where segregated worlds collide. Transit racism channels subsidies to mostly white suburban commuters while making commuting difficult for people of color. Blacks and Latinos make up 62 percent of urban bus riders and 35 percent of subway riders. They are twice as likely as whites to get to work by riding public transit, walking, or biking. Overfunding of highways and underfunding of nonautomotive means of transportation result in public transit commutes taking twice as long as travel by car. Inadequate public transportation, residential segregation, and automobile-centered development also endanger Black lives.[1]
New Orleans
Houston
Los Angeles
Indigenous Roadways
Native peoples left an indelible imprint on the land with systems of roads that tied nations and communities together across the entire landmass of the Americas. Scholar David Wade Chambers writes:
"The first thing to note about early Native American trails and roads is that they were not just paths in the woods following along animal tracks used mainly for hunting. Neither can they be characterized simply as the routes that nomadic peoples followed during seasonal migrations. Rather they constituted an extensive system of roadways that spanned the Americas, making possible short, medium and long distance travel. That is to say, the Pre-Columbian Americas were laced together with a complex system of roads and paths which became the roadways adopted by the early settlers and indeed were ultimately transformed into major highways."
Roads were developed along rivers, and many Indigenous roads in North America tracked the Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri, Columbia, and Colorado Rivers, the Rio Grande, and other major streams. Roads also followed seacoasts. A major road ran along the Pacific coast from northern Alaska (where travelers could continue by boat to Siberia) south to an urban area in western Mexico. A branch of that road ran through the Sonora Desert and up onto the Colorado Plateau, serving ancient towns and later communities such as those of the Hopis and Pueblos on the northern Rio Grande.[2]
Sources
- ↑ Ruth Thompson-Miller, How Racism Takes Place By George Lipsitz Temple University Press. 2008. 310 pages. $27.95, Social Forces, Volume 93, Issue 4, June 2015, Page e119, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sot021
- ↑ Dunbar-Ortiz, R. (2015). An indigenous peoples' history of the United States. Boston, Beacon Press.