Hempurgy: Difference between revisions
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=Application= | =Application= | ||
==Energy== | ==Energy== | ||
An energy yield of 100 GJ/ha/y is associated hemp biomass.<ref name = "Brar 2022"></ref> | |||
===Combustive=== | ===Combustive=== | ||
====Alcohol==== | ====Alcohol==== | ||
Cellulose sugars (mostly in stalk) distill into butanol/ethanol. | Cellulose sugars (mostly in stalk) distill into butanol/ethanol: | ||
<blockquote>The lower lignin and higher cellulose content of cannabis make it an attractive feedstock for bioethanol synthesis. A variety of microbes ... are exploited for biological ethanol production. These microbes ferment sugars derived from lignocellulosics through a subsequently aerobic and anaerobic process.<ref name = "Brar 2022"></ref></blockquote> | |||
<blockquote>Butanol is an essential precursor of plastics, polymers, and paints [23]. Butanol has many advantages over ethanol, such as density, engine safety, and compatibility [98, 99].<ref name = "Brar 2022"></ref></blockquote> | |||
====Oil==== | ====Oil==== | ||
Seeds process into [[Diesel Fuel]]. | Seeds process into [[Diesel Fuel]]. | ||
| Line 84: | Line 90: | ||
Entire biomass useful for [[Pyrolysis]]. | Entire biomass useful for [[Pyrolysis]]. | ||
===Electrical=== | ===Electrical=== | ||
Proof of concept in | Proof of concept in 2014 for carbohydrate "supercapacitor" ==> [[Biocharger]]: | ||
<blockquote>New studies have shown that when hemp is made into activated carbon, the resulting material has a highly porous microstructure with dense capacity for ion storage and transfer, a central element in electrical conductivity.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6838265/</ref> | |||
Based on these properties, in 2014, researchers at the University of Alberta/National Institute of Nanotechnology successfully conducted an experiment in carbonizing hemp, crystallizing it into nanosheets, and implementing it in a supercapacitor system.<ref>https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/hemp-carbon-makes-supercapacitors-superfast</ref> | |||
The hemp supercapacitor they designed proved capable of doubling the energy storage of a comparable graphene supercapacitor, the industry standard; and it could be produced at five hundred dollars per ton of biomass, as opposed to the two-thousand dollar per gram rate of Graphene – over a million times more cost-effective. | |||
Rather than requiring intensive pollution and reliance on rapidly dwindling minerals sourced from forced labor, hemp supercapacitors now have the ability to meet many energy storage needs while sequestering carbon as a form of above-ground biomass that can be rapidly regrown. Hemp supercapacitors represent nothing less than carbon-negative energy storage.<ref>https://branchoutnow.org/hemp-supercapacitors-and-the-future-of-carbon-negative-energy-storage/</ref></blockquote> | |||
==Material== | ==Material== | ||
| Line 94: | Line 108: | ||
===Printing=== | ===Printing=== | ||
*Paper | *Paper | ||
<Blockquote>Hemp yields more biomass than wood, offering even two times more useable fibers than forests. Industrial hemp consists of a maximum of 77% cellulose which is three times more than wood and other agricultural wastes. This indicates a quadruple amount of paper can be produced from hemp against forests grown in the same area. In addition, hemp is a short rotation crop that can be harvested after four months of cultivation, whereas hardwood and softwood plants require 8–12 years and 20–80 years, respectively in rotation cycles. ...<Ref>A T M Faiz Ahmed, Md Zahidul Islam, Md Sultan Mahmud, Md Emdad Sarker, Md Reajul Islam, Hemp as a potential raw material toward a sustainable world: A review, Heliyon, Volume 8, Issue 1, 2022, e08753, ISSN 2405-8440, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08753.</Ref></Blockquote> | |||
===Building=== | ===Building=== | ||
*Concrete | *Concrete | ||
<Blockquote>Construction of buildings and roads consumes nearly half of the raw material and energy across the world, and the inside utility services like lighting, heating, and air conditioning emit almost 47% CO2 in the UK. Thereby, it can be concluded that this sector is a major contributor to world climate change and requires intensive focus for a review of material design, sourcing, and building design as green building for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.<br><br> | |||
As an alternative to conventional filling materials, hempcrete can be a better choice for its lighter weight, hygrothermal and acoustic performance, carbon negativity, and natural sink of CO2. It has been reported that 260 mm thick 1 m2 hemp-lime wall requires up to 394 MJ of energy and sinks up to 35 kg CO2 over a 100-year life span, whereas Portland cement based equivalent concrete wall requires 560 MJ of energy with an additional release of 52.3 kg of CO2. Therefore, the most potential use of hempcrete in terms of CO2 sinking is that its regrowth cycle is in one year, much shorter than forest regrowth for storing carbon over the lifetime of the composite and thereby delaying the emission of greenhouse gas.<Ref>A T M Faiz Ahmed, Md Zahidul Islam, Md Sultan Mahmud, Md Emdad Sarker, Md Reajul Islam, Hemp as a potential raw material toward a sustainable world: A review, Heliyon, Volume 8, Issue 1, 2022, e08753, ISSN 2405-8440, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08753.</Ref></Blockquote> | |||
*Lumber | *Lumber | ||
*Plastic | *Plastic | ||
<Blockquote>Hemp plastic which is 100% biodegradable, can be a better alternative to synthetic plastic. The cellulose of the hemp plant is rated 60–70%, which can be extracted for making a different range of plastics, including rayon, celluloid and cellophane. While 100% hemp-based plastic is still a rarity, composite bioplastics made from hemp and other plant source are already in use. Though it is by definition a composite, in reference to dimension and end-uses, researchers often use hemp plastics as distinguished terminology. <br><br> | |||
Researchers have evaluated a range of biopolymers for their usefulness as bio-plastic materials, e.g., cellulose, starch, collagen, casein, plant proteins. Some of the biopolymers for bio-plastics are poly-butyrate (PBAT), poly-caprolactone (PCL), polylactic acid (PLA) and poly- hydroxalkanoate (PHA). Wheat gluten is one of the most important biopolymers due to its low cost and high content of hydrogen bonds in the film. Wretfors et al. developed short industrial hemp fiber-reinforced wheat gluten plastics and found that hemp fiber-reinforced wheat gluten plastics with 20% fiber content exhibit double tensile strength and ten times young's modulus in comparison to the pure wheat gluten plastics. Wibowo et al. developed hemp fiber-reinforced bioplastics by using cellulose acetate and cellulose butyrate as bio-resin and revealed that hemp fiber-reinforced bioplastics show better mechanical properties than the non-renewable poly-propylene-based hemp fiber-reinforced plastics. Hemp-based plastics can be used for packaging and technical purposes. They are particularly suitable because of their strength, lightweight and environmental compatibility.<Ref>A T M Faiz Ahmed, Md Zahidul Islam, Md Sultan Mahmud, Md Emdad Sarker, Md Reajul Islam, Hemp as a potential raw material toward a sustainable world: A review, Heliyon, Volume 8, Issue 1, 2022, e08753, ISSN 2405-8440, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08753.</Ref></Blockquote> | |||
===Feeding=== | ===Feeding=== | ||
Latest revision as of 02:55, 10 August 2023
Definition
Historical
Ford Motor Company produced a car out of Hemp Plastic in 1942. Henry Ford, who visited with George Washington Carver to develop this prototype, also contracted Rudolph Diesel to alchemize the Hemp Fuel that powered it. < pop. mech. Dec 1942 >
Technical
Hempurgy is any case of Khemurgy where the feedstock is Qannabis.
Why does HEMP deserve its own category of كيمياء?? To name a few special features of this particular biomass:
the low cost of feedstock, high lignocellulosic content, a yield of dry matter (DM), and low nutrient requirement, which eventually enhance soil health. Hemp fiber also has specific properties, including greater absorbency and hygroscopicity, and possesses excellent thermal and electrostatic properties, making it compatible to use as a bio-adsorbent of pollutants and for developing biocomposites.[1]
Production
Soil
Remediation
Typical strategies to remediate polluted soils are expensive and environmentally damaging. Examples include the excavation and burial of polluted soil at hazardous waste sites, the chemical processing of soil to immobilize metals, and using acid solutions to desorb and leach metals from soil taken from a waste site and returning the clean soil residue to the site.
Phytoremediation is a feasible, economical, and sustainable alternative for cleaning polluted soil. Phytoremediation is the use of green plants to remove metal pollutants from soil or render them harmless [5–8]. Many plants are known to accumulate metal pollutants, and the ability to accumulate metal varies significantly between species and between cultivars within a species. Most metal-accumulating plants are small shrubs with shallow roots requiring specific growing conditions [9–13]. To be effective at soil remediation, more than just the top layer of soil needs to be cleaned of pollutants. Hemp’s ability to extract metals from soil with its deep roots, combined with its commercial prospects, make it an ideal candidate as a profit-yielding crop when used for phytoremediation purposes.
The fact that hemp accumulates potentially toxic metals in all plant parts limits its use as a raw material in clothing and the food chain.
The high quality of hemp fibers and hurds is not affected by metal contamination, allowing them to be used in products such as composite materials. Following the harvest of pollutant-enriched plants, contaminated material is either composted, disposed of as hazardous material, or (more economically interesting) used for metal recovery. [2]
- LEAD
In present study, a pot experiment using Pb-contaminated soil was conducted to investigate the accumulation of Pb contents in various organs of industrial hemp and its subcellular distribution and extractable form in the leaves. It was found that under Pb stress, the Pb content in plants increased significantly with an increase in the soil Pb concentration. Lead was mainly concentrated in the roots, followed by stems and leaves, while the lowest Pb contents were found in seeds (<12 mg/kg). The Pb content in roots was 2–7 times higher than in stems, leaves, and fibers, and 6–25 times higher than in seeds. At the subcellular level, Pb in industrial hemp leaves was mainly distributed in the cell wall and chloroplasts, with the Pb content first increasing and then decreasingas the soil Pb concentration increased, reaching a maximum at 4000 and 3000 mg/kg, respectively. Lead was less accumulated in the vacuoles and soluble parts of cells, with the least accumulation occurring in the organelles. There was no nsignificant increase in Pb content in these subcellular locations with the increase in soil Pbconcentration. Treatments with different Pb concentrations affected the extractable form of Pb in hemp leaves. The HCl extractable form of Pb, with low activity, was predominant in the leaves. The proportional content of Pb in each form was different in the various parts of the plant. The Pb content of each form in the leaf was Pb HCl(hydrochloric acid)＞Pb E (ethanol)>Pb W (deionized water)>Pb HAc (acetic acid) >Pb NaCl (sodium chloride), indicating that Pb in industrial hemp mainly exists in the form of insoluble oxalate precipitates, thereby alleviating the toxicity of Pb. The results of this study provide a scientific reference for the use of industrial hemp to remediate Pb polluted soils.[3]
Aeration
Stalk
As a general rule, the bast is used for softer applications while the hurd is used for tougher applications.
Decortication is the process of removing the hemp plant's outermost layer, the bark. This can be done mechanically, with a machine that strips the bark off in one pass, or manually, by stripping it off by hand.
Decortication can also be used to process other plant materials, such as flax, jute, and kenaf.
Decortication separates the hurd from the bast by breaking up the stem of the plant. This can be done with a machine that uses spikes or knives, or by hand.
The bast fibers are then separated from the hurd by a process called retting. This can be done chemically, with a solution of water and enzymes, or mechanically, with a machine that strips the bast fibers off of the hurd.
- Fiber
bast: PLASTIC * CLOTHES * ROPE * INSULATION hurd: CONCRETE * WOOD * PAPER * BEDDING
For animals, the hurd is often used as bedding because it is absorbent and doesn't harbor bacteria like straw or hay. As a feed, the hurd is high in fiber but low in nutrients. It is sometimes used as a filler in animal feed mixes.
- Char
- Fuel
Seed
- Foodstuffs
"feed" vs "food"
- Oils
FOODMEDS(edible,topical) * PLASTIC * BIODIESEL
To make biodiesel from hemp, you will need to extract the oil from the plant material. Hemp seeds contain a high percentage of oil, and this oil can be used to make biodiesel.
To make biodiesel from hemp, you will need to follow these steps:
1. Extract the oil from the plant material.
2. Process the oil to remove impurities.
3. Use the processed oil to make biodiesel.
Flower
Application
Energy
An energy yield of 100 GJ/ha/y is associated hemp biomass.[1]
Combustive
Alcohol
Cellulose sugars (mostly in stalk) distill into butanol/ethanol:
The lower lignin and higher cellulose content of cannabis make it an attractive feedstock for bioethanol synthesis. A variety of microbes ... are exploited for biological ethanol production. These microbes ferment sugars derived from lignocellulosics through a subsequently aerobic and anaerobic process.[1]
Butanol is an essential precursor of plastics, polymers, and paints [23]. Butanol has many advantages over ethanol, such as density, engine safety, and compatibility [98, 99].[1]
Oil
Seeds process into Diesel Fuel.
Gas
Entire biomass useful for Pyrolysis.
Electrical
Proof of concept in 2014 for carbohydrate "supercapacitor" ==> Biocharger:
New studies have shown that when hemp is made into activated carbon, the resulting material has a highly porous microstructure with dense capacity for ion storage and transfer, a central element in electrical conductivity.[4]
Based on these properties, in 2014, researchers at the University of Alberta/National Institute of Nanotechnology successfully conducted an experiment in carbonizing hemp, crystallizing it into nanosheets, and implementing it in a supercapacitor system.[5]
The hemp supercapacitor they designed proved capable of doubling the energy storage of a comparable graphene supercapacitor, the industry standard; and it could be produced at five hundred dollars per ton of biomass, as opposed to the two-thousand dollar per gram rate of Graphene – over a million times more cost-effective.
Rather than requiring intensive pollution and reliance on rapidly dwindling minerals sourced from forced labor, hemp supercapacitors now have the ability to meet many energy storage needs while sequestering carbon as a form of above-ground biomass that can be rapidly regrown. Hemp supercapacitors represent nothing less than carbon-negative energy storage.[6]
Material
Textiles
- Rope
- Canvas
- Clothing
Printing
- Paper
Hemp yields more biomass than wood, offering even two times more useable fibers than forests. Industrial hemp consists of a maximum of 77% cellulose which is three times more than wood and other agricultural wastes. This indicates a quadruple amount of paper can be produced from hemp against forests grown in the same area. In addition, hemp is a short rotation crop that can be harvested after four months of cultivation, whereas hardwood and softwood plants require 8–12 years and 20–80 years, respectively in rotation cycles. ...[7]
Building
- Concrete
Construction of buildings and roads consumes nearly half of the raw material and energy across the world, and the inside utility services like lighting, heating, and air conditioning emit almost 47% CO2 in the UK. Thereby, it can be concluded that this sector is a major contributor to world climate change and requires intensive focus for a review of material design, sourcing, and building design as green building for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
As an alternative to conventional filling materials, hempcrete can be a better choice for its lighter weight, hygrothermal and acoustic performance, carbon negativity, and natural sink of CO2. It has been reported that 260 mm thick 1 m2 hemp-lime wall requires up to 394 MJ of energy and sinks up to 35 kg CO2 over a 100-year life span, whereas Portland cement based equivalent concrete wall requires 560 MJ of energy with an additional release of 52.3 kg of CO2. Therefore, the most potential use of hempcrete in terms of CO2 sinking is that its regrowth cycle is in one year, much shorter than forest regrowth for storing carbon over the lifetime of the composite and thereby delaying the emission of greenhouse gas.[8]
- Lumber
- Plastic
Hemp plastic which is 100% biodegradable, can be a better alternative to synthetic plastic. The cellulose of the hemp plant is rated 60–70%, which can be extracted for making a different range of plastics, including rayon, celluloid and cellophane. While 100% hemp-based plastic is still a rarity, composite bioplastics made from hemp and other plant source are already in use. Though it is by definition a composite, in reference to dimension and end-uses, researchers often use hemp plastics as distinguished terminology.
Researchers have evaluated a range of biopolymers for their usefulness as bio-plastic materials, e.g., cellulose, starch, collagen, casein, plant proteins. Some of the biopolymers for bio-plastics are poly-butyrate (PBAT), poly-caprolactone (PCL), polylactic acid (PLA) and poly- hydroxalkanoate (PHA). Wheat gluten is one of the most important biopolymers due to its low cost and high content of hydrogen bonds in the film. Wretfors et al. developed short industrial hemp fiber-reinforced wheat gluten plastics and found that hemp fiber-reinforced wheat gluten plastics with 20% fiber content exhibit double tensile strength and ten times young's modulus in comparison to the pure wheat gluten plastics. Wibowo et al. developed hemp fiber-reinforced bioplastics by using cellulose acetate and cellulose butyrate as bio-resin and revealed that hemp fiber-reinforced bioplastics show better mechanical properties than the non-renewable poly-propylene-based hemp fiber-reinforced plastics. Hemp-based plastics can be used for packaging and technical purposes. They are particularly suitable because of their strength, lightweight and environmental compatibility.[9]
Feeding
- Seed
- Oil
- Milk
Sources
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Brar KK, Raheja Y, Chadha BS, Magdouli S, Brar SK, Yang YH, Bhatia SK, Koubaa A. A paradigm shift towards production of sustainable bioenergy and advanced products from Cannabis/hemp biomass in Canada. Biomass Convers Biorefin. 2022 Mar 19:1-22. doi: 10.1007/s13399-022-02570-6 <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8934023/pdf/13399_2022_Article_2570.pdf>
- ↑ Placido, D.F.; Lee, C.C. "Potential of Industrial Hemp for Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals." Plants 2022, 11, 595. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11050595
- ↑ "Accumulation and sub cellular distribution of lead (Pb) in industrial hemp grown in Pb contaminated soil" Yanping Xu, Gang Deng, Hongyan Guo, Ming Yang, Qinghui Yang; _Industrial Crops and Products_ Volume 161, March 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.113220
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6838265/
- ↑ https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/hemp-carbon-makes-supercapacitors-superfast
- ↑ https://branchoutnow.org/hemp-supercapacitors-and-the-future-of-carbon-negative-energy-storage/
- ↑ A T M Faiz Ahmed, Md Zahidul Islam, Md Sultan Mahmud, Md Emdad Sarker, Md Reajul Islam, Hemp as a potential raw material toward a sustainable world: A review, Heliyon, Volume 8, Issue 1, 2022, e08753, ISSN 2405-8440, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08753.
- ↑ A T M Faiz Ahmed, Md Zahidul Islam, Md Sultan Mahmud, Md Emdad Sarker, Md Reajul Islam, Hemp as a potential raw material toward a sustainable world: A review, Heliyon, Volume 8, Issue 1, 2022, e08753, ISSN 2405-8440, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08753.
- ↑ A T M Faiz Ahmed, Md Zahidul Islam, Md Sultan Mahmud, Md Emdad Sarker, Md Reajul Islam, Hemp as a potential raw material toward a sustainable world: A review, Heliyon, Volume 8, Issue 1, 2022, e08753, ISSN 2405-8440, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08753.