Industrial Agriculture: Difference between revisions
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"'Dead zone' is a more common term for hypoxia, which refers to a reduced level of oxygen in the water. ... Less oxygen dissolved in the water is often referred to as a “dead zone” because most marine life either dies, or, if they are mobile such as fish, leave the area. Habitats that would normally be teeming with life become, essentially, biological deserts. "<Ref>https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/deadzone.html</Ref> | "'Dead zone' is a more common term for hypoxia, which refers to a reduced level of oxygen in the water. ... Less oxygen dissolved in the water is often referred to as a “dead zone” because most marine life either dies, or, if they are mobile such as fish, leave the area. Habitats that would normally be teeming with life become, essentially, biological deserts. "<Ref>https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/deadzone.html</Ref> | ||
<Blockquote>The negative effects of hypoxia include loss of suitable and required habitat for many bottom-dwelling fishes and benthic fauna, habitat compression for pelagic fishes, direct mortality, increased predation, decreased food resources, altered trophic energy transfer, altered bioenergetics (physiological, development, growth, and reproductive abnormalities) and altered migration. These result in reduced fisheries, including valuable finfishes and crustaceans. Increasing nutrient loads that also change the nutrient ratios can affect the composition of the phytoplankton community and can shift trophic interactions. Hypoxia also alters or interrupts ecosystem functions and services such as nutrient cycling and bioturbation.<Ref>Rabalais, N. N., Díaz, R. J., Levin, L. A., Turner, R. E., Gilbert, D., and Zhang, J.: Dynamics and distribution of natural and human-caused hypoxia, Biogeosciences, 7, 585–619, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-585-2010, 2010.</Ref></Blockquote> | |||
Dead zones across the world will likely increase as the world is continually dependent on fertilizers for industrial agriculture crops Global [[climate collapse]] has a high likely hood of worsening existing hypoxia zones and facilitating its formation in additional waters.<Ref>Rabalais, N. N., Díaz, R. J., Levin, L. A., Turner, R. E., Gilbert, D., and Zhang, J.: Dynamics and distribution of natural and human-caused hypoxia, Biogeosciences, 7, 585–619, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-585-2010, 2010.</Ref> In 1995 there were 195 documented areas of human-caused hypoxia and by 2008 Diaz and Rosenberg<Ref> Robert J. Diaz Rutger Rosenberg, Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems. Science321,926-929(2008).DOI:10.1126/science.1156401</Ref> documented over 400 cases of hypoxia in the world's coastal ocean which covered more than 245,000 km2 of sea bottom.<Ref>Rabalais, N. N., Díaz, R. J., Levin, L. A., Turner, R. E., Gilbert, D., and Zhang, J.: Dynamics and distribution of natural and human-caused hypoxia, Biogeosciences, 7, 585–619, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-585-2010, 2010.</Ref> | Dead zones across the world will likely increase as the world is continually dependent on fertilizers for industrial agriculture crops Global [[climate collapse]] has a high likely hood of worsening existing hypoxia zones and facilitating its formation in additional waters.<Ref>Rabalais, N. N., Díaz, R. J., Levin, L. A., Turner, R. E., Gilbert, D., and Zhang, J.: Dynamics and distribution of natural and human-caused hypoxia, Biogeosciences, 7, 585–619, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-585-2010, 2010.</Ref> In 1995 there were 195 documented areas of human-caused hypoxia and by 2008 Diaz and Rosenberg<Ref> Robert J. Diaz Rutger Rosenberg, Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems. Science321,926-929(2008).DOI:10.1126/science.1156401</Ref> documented over 400 cases of hypoxia in the world's coastal ocean which covered more than 245,000 km2 of sea bottom.<Ref>Rabalais, N. N., Díaz, R. J., Levin, L. A., Turner, R. E., Gilbert, D., and Zhang, J.: Dynamics and distribution of natural and human-caused hypoxia, Biogeosciences, 7, 585–619, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-585-2010, 2010.</Ref> | ||
Revision as of 18:40, 23 June 2023
Industrial agriculture is a system of uniformity with no diversity: massive acres of land covered in identical nearly artificial plants; fed artificial nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus; sprayed with toxic pesticides, insecticides and herbicides. In Who Really Feeds The World, Dr. Vandana Shiva explains how “an ecologically destructive and nutritionally inefficient food system has become the dominant paradigm in our minds and the most touted practice on our lands, even though, in reality, small, biodiverse farms working with nature’s processes produce most of the food we eat.”
Indigenous Persons across Turtle Island have long utilized place-based regenerative agriculture techniques. Placed-based regenerative agriculture is predicated around the reality of humans being but one part in the web of life, and understanding our role as stewards to the environment.
Fully comprehending our stewardship role on Earth is vital to reversing the destructive effects of industrialized society and agriculture. Anything short of fully embracing this role (which we all must fulfill) will have long lasting devastating effects for us, future generations, and all other life on Earth.[1]
CAFOS
CAFOS are 'Confined Animal Feeding Operations' and have increased, in the US, by 10% between 2012 and 2020. Hog production increased by 13 percent during the same time frame. There are ~8.7 billion animals in CAFO operations- animals include: Cattle, Dairy Cows, Hogs, Broiler Chickens, and Turkeys. The areas where animals are farmed is concentrated regionally across the country.[2]
The waste from hog and dairy operations is mainly held in open lagoons that contribute to NH3 and greenhouse gas (as CH4 and N2O) emissions. Emissions of NH3 from animal waste in 2019 were estimated at > 4,500,000 MT. Emissions of CH4 from manure management increased 66% from 1990 to 2017 (that from dairy increased 134%, cattle 9.6%, hogs 29% and poultry 3%), while those of N2O increased 34% over the same time period (dairy 15%, cattle 46%, hogs 58%, and poultry 14%).[3]
Artificial Fertilizers
Commercial artificial fertilizers are ubiquitously used across the so-called United States- with nitrogen (N) exceeding 12 million metric tonnes (MT) and is increasing annually at a rate of 60 thousand MT per year. Phosphorus (P) has remained constant for the last decade being used at a rate of 1.8 million MT per year.[4] Nitrogen applied by fertilizer is about 3 times greater than manure Nitrogen inputs and manure Phosphorus inputs are about equivalent to artificial Phosphorus inputs.[5]
Dead Zones
"'Dead zone' is a more common term for hypoxia, which refers to a reduced level of oxygen in the water. ... Less oxygen dissolved in the water is often referred to as a “dead zone” because most marine life either dies, or, if they are mobile such as fish, leave the area. Habitats that would normally be teeming with life become, essentially, biological deserts. "[7]
The negative effects of hypoxia include loss of suitable and required habitat for many bottom-dwelling fishes and benthic fauna, habitat compression for pelagic fishes, direct mortality, increased predation, decreased food resources, altered trophic energy transfer, altered bioenergetics (physiological, development, growth, and reproductive abnormalities) and altered migration. These result in reduced fisheries, including valuable finfishes and crustaceans. Increasing nutrient loads that also change the nutrient ratios can affect the composition of the phytoplankton community and can shift trophic interactions. Hypoxia also alters or interrupts ecosystem functions and services such as nutrient cycling and bioturbation.[8]
Dead zones across the world will likely increase as the world is continually dependent on fertilizers for industrial agriculture crops Global climate collapse has a high likely hood of worsening existing hypoxia zones and facilitating its formation in additional waters.[9] In 1995 there were 195 documented areas of human-caused hypoxia and by 2008 Diaz and Rosenberg[10] documented over 400 cases of hypoxia in the world's coastal ocean which covered more than 245,000 km2 of sea bottom.[11]
Sources to begin with:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212613914000373?via%3Dihub
https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/66/7/1528/656749
Climate Collapse
Land-Use Change
Corporations
See: Bayer-Monsanto | Syngenta
Sources
- ↑ https://branchoutnow.org/growing-sovereignty-turtle-island-and-the-future-of-food/
- ↑ Glibert, P.M. From hogs to HABs: impacts of industrial farming in the US on nitrogen and phosphorus and greenhouse gas pollution. Biogeochemistry 150, 139–180 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-020-00691-6
- ↑ Glibert, P.M. From hogs to HABs: impacts of industrial farming in the US on nitrogen and phosphorus and greenhouse gas pollution. Biogeochemistry 150, 139–180 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-020-00691-6
- ↑ Glibert, P.M. From hogs to HABs: impacts of industrial farming in the US on nitrogen and phosphorus and greenhouse gas pollution. Biogeochemistry 150, 139–180 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-020-00691-6
- ↑ Glibert, P.M. From hogs to HABs: impacts of industrial farming in the US on nitrogen and phosphorus and greenhouse gas pollution. Biogeochemistry 150, 139–180 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-020-00691-6
- ↑ https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/44677/aquatic-dead-zones
- ↑ https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/deadzone.html
- ↑ Rabalais, N. N., Díaz, R. J., Levin, L. A., Turner, R. E., Gilbert, D., and Zhang, J.: Dynamics and distribution of natural and human-caused hypoxia, Biogeosciences, 7, 585–619, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-585-2010, 2010.
- ↑ Rabalais, N. N., Díaz, R. J., Levin, L. A., Turner, R. E., Gilbert, D., and Zhang, J.: Dynamics and distribution of natural and human-caused hypoxia, Biogeosciences, 7, 585–619, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-585-2010, 2010.
- ↑ Robert J. Diaz Rutger Rosenberg, Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems. Science321,926-929(2008).DOI:10.1126/science.1156401
- ↑ Rabalais, N. N., Díaz, R. J., Levin, L. A., Turner, R. E., Gilbert, D., and Zhang, J.: Dynamics and distribution of natural and human-caused hypoxia, Biogeosciences, 7, 585–619, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-585-2010, 2010.