Biochar: Difference between revisions
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The following sections organize this plentiful array of resources according to their location in wild, rural and urban ecologies, respectively. | The following sections organize this plentiful array of resources according to their location in wild, rural and urban ecologies, respectively. | ||
=== | ===<<Forest / Plains>>=== | ||
*'''Hardwoods''' | *'''Hardwoods''' | ||
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- Ditch Weed | - Ditch Weed | ||
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*'''Crop residues''' | *'''Crop residues''' | ||
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- Swine | - Swine | ||
=== | ===<<Municipal / Industry>>=== | ||
*'''Yard waste''' | *'''Yard waste''' | ||
Revision as of 18:41, 21 April 2022
OVERVIEW COPY TEXT
Definition
Historical
Archaic
- Charcoal
Revival
Technical
Biochar is an output of pyrolysis. Biomass - the feedstock which fuels pyrolysis - usually yields carbon in this highly compressed solid form. However, the value of the char comes not only from what it contains, but also from what it does not (yet) contain. That is, the porous structure of its carbon content makes biochar act like a microscopic sponge. [1] Accordingly, the following two sections map the positive and negative spaces of biochar in more detail.
Crystals
Biochar is the most stable form of organic carbon known to exist in the terrestrial environment.[2] This is due to the fact that it is a crystalline solid with a high degree of orderliness in its molecules. The biochar process (burning within a low-oxygen environment) results in the formation of carbon-carbon bonds that do not easily break. These bonds give biochar its stability and - being structured like graphite rather than diamond - its black color[3][4]. Biochar's high stability means that it will not decompose in soils and therefore can serve as a long-term (1000+ year) storehouse for carbon.[5]
Cavities
While the stability of biochar is an important attribute, it is the porosity of biochar that gives it many of its unique properties. The pores in biochar can be classified as either micropores (<2 nm in diameter), mesopores (2-50 nm), or macropores (>50 nm).[6] Being highly porous, Biochar has a high surface area to volume ratio (upwards of 340 m2/g). [7] This gives biochar a large internal surface on which various chemical and biological processes can take place. For instance, biochar's porosity allows it to act as a sponge for water and nutrients, while serving as a substrate for the growth of microorganisms.
ADSORB vs ABSORB:
Production
Feedstocks
Any biomass can - theoretically - become biochar. The most famous example, charcoal, simply refers to biochar for which wood is the feedstock. There are at least as many different feedstocks as there are flora.
Biomass waste materials appropriate for biochar production include wild detritus, crop residues (both field residues and processing residues such as nut shells, fruit pits, bagasse, etc) and animal manures, as well as yard and food wastes. [8]
The following sections organize this plentiful array of resources according to their location in wild, rural and urban ecologies, respectively.
<<Forest / Plains>>
- Hardwoods
- Softwoods
- Grasses
- Switchgrass - Bamboo - Ditch Weed
<<Farm / Pasture>>
- Crop residues
- Straw - Corn - Rice
- Animal manures
- Chicken - Swine
<<Municipal / Industry>>
- Yard waste
- Grass Clippings - Sticks or Twigs - Woodchips - Sawdust
- Food waste
- Fruits
- Biosolids
- Paper - Pulps - Sewage sludge - Digested sludge
Projects
Processes
To transform feedstocks into biochar, in any form, means applying a very high heat but while limiting exposure to oxygen.
(Bullets from Table 6 as found in: [9])
Torrefaction
- 200-300 °C
- 10-60 minutes
- 75-90 % yield
Slow Pyrolysis
- 350-900 °C
- minutes to days
- 25-35 % yield
Fast Pyrolysis
- 500-700 °C
- 0.5-10 seconds
- 12-15 % yield
Gasification
- 700-900 °C
- seconds to hours
- 5-10 % yield
Projects
Application
Carbon Sequestration
Biochar has been identified as a key means of sequestering (removing and storing) carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, either into the Earth's soil or products made from Biochar. A group of scientists published in Nature in 2019 identified Biochar as the negative emissions technology "at the highest technology readiness level." [10] According to their research, the global carbon sequestration potential of biochar (when also using potassium as a low-concentration additive) is over 2.6 billion tons of CO2/year.
Projects
Soil Amendment
Biochar increases long-term soil organic carbon content in a form which can endure for thousands of years, as seen in the Amazonian Black Earth.
Additional benefits of Biochar for soil include improved soil texture, nutrient retention, cation exchange capacity,[2] water retention,[3] and microorganism habitat.[4]
Projects
Feed Additive
Livestock farmers increasingly use biochar as a regular feed supplement to improve animal health and increase nutrient intake efficiency. As biochar gets enriched with nitrogen-rich organic compounds during the digestion process, the excreted biochar-manure becomes a more valuable organic fertilizer causing lower nutrient losses and greenhouse gas emissions during storage and soil application.
An analysis of 112 scientific papers on biochar feed supplements has shown that in most studies and for all farm animal species, positive effects could be found on different parameters, such as:
- growth
- digestion
- feed efficiency
- toxin adsorption
- blood levels
- meat quality
- gas emissions
However, a relevant part of the studies obtained results that were not statistically significant. Most importantly, no significant negative effects on animal health were found in any of the reviewed publications. [11]
Projects
Water Filter
Charcoal has been a part of water treatment for at least 4000 years.[12] Biochar’s incredible porosity and surface area give it a high capacity to adsorb a wide variety of contaminants from water.[13]
Laboratory testing shows that biochar can effectively reduce contaminants including:
- Heavy metals like lead, copper, zinc, cadmium, cobalt, and nickel;
- Organics such as gasoline compounds and other volatile organics, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and some herbicides, pesticides and pharmaceuticals;
- Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD);
- Nutrients such as phosphorus and ammonia;
- Totals suspended solids (TSS).[14]
A 2019 study in the Journal of Environmental Management Found that wastewater treatment using biochar in modified sand filters would be able to achieve a similar level of effectiveness in "significant microbe removal" and "reduce the land requirement for implementation of biochar in treatment facilities," helping overcome a "major constraint" to wastewater treatment on farms.[15]
How To
Video: https://youtu.be/kazEAzGWuIc
Manual: http://www.aqsolutions.org/images/2010/06/water-system-handbook.pdf
Projects
Insulation
Asphalt
Ink
Paper
Plastic
Supercapacitor
The fabrication of biochar-based materials with excellent electrochemical behavior as a "supercapacitor" can be sustainable and low cost.[16]
These capacitor-batteries are endowed with excellent reliability, high power density, and fast charging/discharging characteristics. Supercapacitors are thus utilized in a wide range of applications, particularly in electrical vehicles.
Biochar has been established a potent material of interest for electrochemical energy storage and conversion in this way. However, research needs to be carried out in resolving a few outstanding issues. For large scale and cost-effective deployment, the conversion efficiency and quality of biomass into biochar are required to be maintained without additional steps for treatments, while biochar functionalization (i.e. surface oxidation, amination, sulfonation etc.) should avoid intricate operations and toxic chemicals to retain a green solution. [17]
Sources
[1] <https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41953-0>
[2] <https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/11/3211/pdf>
[3] <https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2015.00733/full>